Subtractor

In electronics, a subtractor can be designed using the same approach as that of an adder. The binary subtraction process is summarized below. As with an adder, in the general case of calculations on multi-bit numbers, three bits are involved in performing the subtraction for each bit of the difference: the minuend (X_{i}), subtrahend (Y_{i}), and a borrow in from the previous (less significant) bit order position (B_{i}). The outputs are the difference bit (D_{i}) and borrow bit B_{i+1}. The subtractor is best understood by considering that the subtrahend and both borrow bits have negative weights, whereas the X and D bits are positive. The operation performed by the subtractor is to rewrite X_{i}-Y_{i}-B_{i} (which can take the values -2, -1, 0, or 1) as the sum -2B_{i+1}+D_{i}.

 D_{i} = X_{i} \oplus Y_{i} \oplus B_{i}
 B_{i+1} = X_{i} < (Y_{i} + B_{i})

Subtractors are usually implemented within a binary adder for only a small cost when using the standard two's complement notation, by providing an addition/subtraction selector to the carry-in and to invert the second operand.

-B = \bar{B} + 1 (definition of two's complement negation)
\begin{alignat}{2}
A - B & = A + (-B) \\
& = A + \bar{B} + 1 \\
\end{alignat}

Half subtractor

Logic diagram for a half subtractor

The half subtractor is a combinational circuit which is used to perform subtraction of two bits. It has two inputs, the minuend X and subtrahend Y and two outputs the difference D and borrow out B_\text{out}. The borrow out signal is set when the subtractor needs to borrow from the next digit in a multi-digit subtraction. That is, B_{\text{out}} = 1 when X < Y. Since X and Y are bits, B_\text{out} = 1 if and only if X = 0 and Y = 1. An important point worth mentioning is that the half subtractor diagram aside implements Y - X and not X - Y since B_\text{out} on the diagram is given by

B_{\text{out}} = X \cdot \overline{Y}.

This is an important distinction to make since subtraction itself is not commutative, but the difference bit D is calculated using an XOR gate which is commutative.

The truth table for the half subtractor is:

Inputs Outputs
X Y D Bout
0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0

Using the table above and a Karnaugh map, we find the following logic equations for D and B_\text{out}:

D = X \oplus Y
B_\text{out} = \overline X \cdot Y.

Full subtractor

The full subtractor is a combinational circuit which is used to perform subtraction of three input bits: the minuend X, subtrahend Y, and borrow in B_\text{in}. The full subtractor generates two output bits: the difference D and borrow out B_\text{out}. B_\text{in} is set when the previous digit borrowed from X. Thus, B_\text{in} is also subtracted from X as well as the subtrahend Y. Or in symbols: X - Y - B_\text{in}. Like the half subtractor, the full subtractor generates a borrow out when it needs to borrow from the next digit. Since we are subtracting X by Y and B_\text{in}, a borrow out needs to be generated when X < Y + B_\text{in}. When a borrow out is generated, 2 is added in the current digit. (This is similar to the subtraction algorithm in decimal. Instead of adding 2, we add 10 when we borrow.) Therefore, D = X - Y - B_\text{in} + 2B_\text{out}.

The truth table for the full subtractor is:

Inputs Outputs
X Y Bin D Bout
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 1
0 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1

References

    External links

    See also

    This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Sunday, February 28, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.