Halichondria

Halichondria
Halichondria panicea
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Porifera
Class:	Demospongiae
Order:	Halichondrida
Family:	Halichondriidae
Genus:	Halichondria Fleming, 1828[1]
Species
see text

Halichondria is a genus of marine demosponges belonging to the family Halichondriidae.^[1][2] These are massive, amorphous sponges with clearly separated inner and outer skeletons consisting of bundles of spicules arranged in a seemingly random pattern.

This genus of sponges became important through the discovery of cell division limiting properties of the extract Halichondrin B, which inhibits cell mitosis. The drug Eribulin, a related compound and an inhibitor of microtubule function, has become an important chemotherapy treatment for certain types of cancer.^{[3][4][5][6][7]}

Species

Halichondria adelpha Halichondria agglomerans Halichondria aldabrensis Halichondria arenacea Halichondria arenosa Halichondria armata Halichondria aspera Halichondria attenuata Halichondria axinelloides Halichondria bergquistae Halichondria bowerbanki Halichondria brunnea Halichondria cebimarensis Halichondria coerulea Halichondria colossea Halichondria contorta Halichondria convolvens Halichondria cornuloides Halichondria corrugata Halichondria cristata Halichondria cylindrata Halichondria darwinensis Halichondria diversispiculata Halichondria dubia Halichondria fragilis Halichondria glabrata Halichondria granulata Halichondria heterorhaphis Halichondria incrustans Halichondria intermedia Halichondria knowltoni Halichondria labiata Halichondria lambei

Halichondria lendenfeldi Halichondria leuconoides Halichondria longispicula Halichondria lutea Halichondria magniconulosa Halichondria melanodocia Halichondria miggottea Halichondria minuta Halichondria moorei Halichondria normani Halichondria oblonga Halichondria okadai Halichondria osculum Halichondria oshoro Halichondria panicea Halichondria pelliculata Halichondria phakellioides Halichondria prostrata Halichondria renieroides Halichondria ridleyi Halichondria semitubulosa Halichondria sitiens Halichondria stylata Halichondria sulfurea Halichondria surrubicunda Halichondria syringea Halichondria tenebrica Halichondria tenera Halichondria tenuiderma Halichondria tenuiramosa Halichondria tenuispiculata Halichondria vansoesti Halichondria velamentosa

References

1. van Soest, R. (2014). R. W. M. Van Soest, N. Boury-Esnault, J. N. A. Hooper, K. Rützler, N. J. de Voogd, B. Alvarez de Glasby, E. Hajdu, A. B. Pisera, R. Manconi, C. Schoenberg, D. Janussen, K. R. Tabachnick, M. Klautau, B. Picton, M. Kelly & J. Vacelet, ed. "Halichondria Fleming, 1828". World Porifera database. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2014-04-30.
2. A systematic revision of the central West Atlantic: Halichondrida (Demospongiae, Porifera). Part III: Description of valid species
3. Towle, Murray J.; Salvato, Kathleen A.; Budrow, Jacqueline; Wels, Bruce F.; Kuznetsov, Galina; Aalfs, Kimberley K.; Welsh, Susan; Zheng, Wanjun; Seletsk, Boris M.; Palme, Monica H.; Habgood, Gregory J.; Singer, Lori A.; Dipietro, Lucian V.; Wang, Yuan; Chen, Jack J.; Quincy, David A.; Davis, Ashley; Yoshimatsu, Kentaro; Kishi, Yoshito; Yu, Melvin J.; Littlefield, Bruce A. (2 February 2001). "In vitro and in vivo anticancer activities of synthetic macrocyclic ketone analogues of halichondrin B". Cancer Research 61 (3): 1013–1021. PMID 11221827.
4. Yu, Melvin J.; Kishi, Yoshito; Littlefield, Bruce A. (2005). "Discovery of E7389, a fully synthetic macrocyclic ketone analogue of halichondrin B". In Newman, David J.; Kingston, David G.I.; Cragg, Gordon M. Anticancer agents from natural products. Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-8493-1863-4. OCLC 57169963.
5. Hirata, Yoshimasa; Uemura, Daisuke (January 1986). "Halichondrins - antitumor polyether macrolides from a marine sponge" (PDF). Pure and Applied Chemistry 58 (5): 701–710. doi:10.1351/pac198658050701.
6. Bai, Ruoli L.; Paull, Kenneth D.; Herald, Cherry L.; Malspeis, Louis; Pettit, George R.; Hamel, Ernest (25 August 1991). "Halichondrin B and Homohalichondrin B, Marine Natural Products Binding in the Vinca Domain of Tubulin. Discovery of tubulin-based mechanism of action by analysis of differential cytotoxicity data". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 266 (24): 15882–15889. PMID 1874739.
7. Jordan, M.A.; Kamath, K.; Manna, T.; Okouneva, T.; Miller, H.P.; Davis, C.; Littlefield, B.A.; Wilson, L. (July 2005). "The primary antimitotic mechanism of action of the synthetic halichondrin E7389 is suppression of microtubule growth". Molecular Cancer Therapeutics 4 (7): 1086–1095. doi:10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-04-0345. PMID 16020666.