Hamites

For the former ethnological term Hamites, see Hamitic.
Hamites
Temporal range: Early Cretaceous–Late Cretaceous
reconstruction a Hamites species
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Cephalopoda
Subclass: †Ammonoidea
Order: Ammonitida
Suborder: Ancyloceratina
Family: Hamitidae
Genus: Hamites
Subgenera

Eohamites
Hamitella
Helicohamites
Lytohamites
Planohamites
Psilohamites
Sziveshamites

Hamites ("hook-like") is a genus of heteromorph ammonite that evolved late in the Aptian stage of the Early Cretaceous and lasted into the Cenomanian stage of the Late Cretaceous. The genus is almost certainly paraphyletic but remains in wide use as a "catch all" for heteromorph ammonites of the superfamily Turrilitaceae that do not neatly fit into the more derived groupings. In an attempt to identify clades within the genus, it has been divided up into a series of new genera or subgenera by different palaeontologists, including Eohamites, Hamitella, Helicohamites, Lytohamites, Planohamites, Psilohamites, and Sziveshamites.[1][2]

The type species is Hamites attenuatus from the early Albian, named by James Sowerby in his Mineral Conchology of Great Britain of 1814, although the genus itself was created by James Parkinson in his 1811 book Organic Remains of the Former World. This James Parkinson is best known as the first scientific description of a disease he called the Shaking Palsy, now referred to as Parkinson's disease in his honour.[3]

Morphology and ecology

Hamites species are characterised by a shell that began with an open, sometimes helical, regular spiral that either opened into a single large hook , or else formed three parallel shafts that gave the mature shell the approximate appearance of a paper clip . No Hamites had spines or other such ornamentation on the shell, but several species appear to have developed apertural modifications when mature; that is, once the ammonite had grown to its final size, the aperture became constricted and was bounded by one or two thickened ribs, known as collars. These have been observed on other ammonites as well, and are assumed to be signs of sexual dimorphism.[4][2]

The open shell of these ammonites would have made them poor swimmers because of drag, but beyond that fact, very little is certain about their mode of life. It is widely assumed that they were planktonic, perhaps catching small prey in the manner of jellyfish, but repaired shell damage apparently caused by crabs may indicate that they spent at least some time close to the sea floor.[5][6]

Phylogeny

The genus Hamites is of particular interest to palaeontologists because the species included in the genus span a wide range of morphologies including ones apparently similar to several more derived groups of heteromorph ammonites. The genus rapidly diversified during the Albian into a number of morphologically distinct lineages that seem to have given rise to at least three other families of heteromorphs, the Baculitidae, Turrilitidae, and Scaphitidae.[7][8] The lineage that gave rise to the helical Turrilitidae, for example, had a shell that initially grew as a helix before straightening out; the Turrilitidae thus appear to have been derived from neotenic Hamites that retained the helically-coiled juvenile morphology of Hamites into adulthood.[9]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Szives, O.; Monks, N. (2002). "Heteromorphs of the Tata Limestone Formation (Aptian - Lower Albian), Hungary" (PDF). Palaeontology 45 (5): 1137–49. doi:10.1111/1475-4983.00279.
  2. 1 2 Monks N (2002). "Cladistic analysis of a problematic ammonite group: the Hamitidae (Cretaceous, Albian - Turonian) and proposals for new cladistic terms" (PDF). Palaeontology 45 (4): 689–707. doi:10.1111/1475-4983.00255.
  3. ↑ Parkinson J (2002). "An essay on the shaking palsy. 1817" (Reproduced\). J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 14 (2): 223–36; discussion 222. doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.14.2.223. PMID 11983801.
  4. ↑ Monks N (1999). "Cladistic analysis of Albian heteromorph ammonites" (PDF). Palaeontology 42 (5): 907–925. doi:10.1111/1475-4983.00102.
  5. ↑ Trueman A (1940). "The ammonite body-chamber, with special reference to the buoyancy and mode of life of the living animal". Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 96: 339–383. doi:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1940.096.01-04.14.
  6. ↑ Monks N (2000). "Mid Cretaceous heteromorph ammonite shell damage". Journal of Molluscan Studies 66 (2): 283–285. doi:10.1093/mollus/66.2.283.
  7. ↑ Monks N (1999). "Cladistic analysis of Albian heteromorph ammonites" (PDF). Palaeontology 42 (5): 907–925. doi:10.1111/1475-4983.00102.
  8. ↑ Monks N (2000). "Functional morphology, ecology, and evolution of the Scaphitaceae Gill, 1871 (cephalopoda)". Journal of Molluscan Studies 66 (2): 205–216. doi:10.1093/mollus/66.2.205.
  9. ↑ Monks N (2001). "The functional morphology of Hamites and Stomohamites and the origins of the Turrilitidae". Bollettino Malacologico 36 (9–12): 195–200.

External links

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