Hamster polyomavirus

Hamster polyomavirus
Virus classification
Group: Group I (dsDNA)
Family: Polyomaviridae
Genus: Polyomavirus
Species: Hamster polyomavirus

Hamster polyomavirus (abbreviated HaPyV or HaPV[note 1][1]) is an unenveloped double-stranded DNA virus of the polyomavirus family whose natural host is the hamster. It was originally described in 1967 by Arnold Graffi as a cause of epithelioma in Syrian hamsters.[2][3] Among the polyomaviruses, its closest relative is mouse polyomavirus (MPyV), with which it shares many genetic features. Until recently, hamster and mouse polyomaviruses were the only two members of the family known to express a protein called middle tumor antigen, which is uniquely efficient at inducing neoplastic transformation in infected cells, resulting in transformation in in vitro cell culture and in the formation of tumors in vivo.[4] In 2015 the genome sequence of a rat polyomavirus was reported to contain middle tumor antigen as well,[5] consistent with expectations that it evolved uniquely in the rodent lineage of the polyomavirus family.[6]

When HaPyV is injected into juvenile hamsters from naive populations, it induces leukemias and lymphomas which are free of virus particles but whose cells contain extra-chromosomal viral DNA.[2][7] This observation is in contrast to the skin tumors, which carry substantial viral loads.[2] The capacity to induce hematopoietic tumors is unusual for polyomaviruses[1][2] and may be associated with the properties of the HaPyV middle tumor antigen.[8]

HaPyV has primarily been reported in research colonies; it appeared apparently spontaneously in the colony from which it was first described and in which it became enzootic.[2] It was also identified in a 2001 case report as naturally occurring in a pet Syrian hamster.[9] It is shed in urine and this is believed to be the mechanism for transmission, similar to what is observed in mouse polyomavirus. While many known hamster viruses are clinically inapparent, HaPyV (along with hamster parvovirus) is unusual in causing clinically significant disease.[1] The virulence of HaPyV in Syrian hamsters may be due to cross-species transmission from the European hamster, most likely the natural host.[7]

Notes

  1. ↑ This was the historically common abbreviation; however, it is ambiguous because it is also used for hamster parvovirus.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Suckow, Mark A.; Stevens, Karla A.; Wilson, Ronald P. (2012). The laboratory rabbit, guinea pig, hamster, and other rodents (1st ed. ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press. p. 822. ISBN 9780123809209.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Scherneck, S; Ulrich, R; Feunteun, J (January 2001). "The hamster polyomavirus--a brief review of recent knowledge.". Virus genes 22 (1): 93–101. PMID 11210944.
  3. ↑ Graffi, A; Schramm, T; Graffi, I; Bierwolf, D; Bender, E (April 1968). "Virus-associated skin tumors of the Syrian hamster: preliminary note.". Journal of the National Cancer Institute 40 (4): 867–73. PMID 5646499.
  4. ↑ Fluck, MM; Schaffhausen, BS (September 2009). "Lessons in signaling and tumorigenesis from polyomavirus middle T antigen.". Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR 73 (3): 542–63, Table of Contents. PMID 19721090.
  5. ↑ Ehlers, B; Richter, D; Matuschka, FR; Ulrich, RG (3 September 2015). "Genome Sequences of a Rat Polyomavirus Related to Murine Polyomavirus, Rattus norvegicus Polyomavirus 1.". Genome announcements 3 (5). PMID 26337891.
  6. ↑ Gottlieb, KA; Villarreal, LP (June 2001). "Natural biology of polyomavirus middle T antigen.". Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR 65 (2): 288–318 ; second and third pages, table of contents. PMID 11381103.
  7. 1 2 Barthold, Stephen W.; Griffey, Stephen M.; Percy, Dean H. (2016). Pathology of Laboratory Rodents and Rabbits (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 176. ISBN 9781118924037.
  8. ↑ Courtneidge, SA; Goutebroze, L; Cartwright, A; Heber, A; Scherneck, S; Feunteun, J (June 1991). "Identification and characterization of the hamster polyomavirus middle T antigen.". Journal of virology 65 (6): 3301–8. PMID 1709702.
  9. ↑ Simmons, JH; Riley, LK; Franklin, CL; Besch-Williford, CL (July 2001). "Hamster polyomavirus infection in a pet Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus).". Veterinary pathology 38 (4): 441–6. PMID 11467479.
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