Han Sorya

This is a Korean name; the family name is Han.
Han Sorya
Portrait of Han Sorya
Born Han Pyŏngdo
(1900-08-03)3 August 1900
Hamhung
Died 6 April 1970(1970-04-06) (aged 69)
Resting place Patriotic Martyrs' Cemetery[1]
Occupation novelist, short story writer, literary administrator, politician
Language Korean
Nationality Korean
Alma mater Nippon University
Period 20th century
Literary movement Proletarian literature,[2] Socialist realism (disputed by B. R. Myers)
Notable works Jackals, History
Notable awards Order of the National Flag (second class, 1951),[3] People's Prize (History, 1958), title of People's Artist (1958)[4]

Literature portal

Han Sorya
Chosŏn'gŭl 한설야
Hancha 韓雪野
Revised Romanization Han Seol-ya
McCune–Reischauer Han Sŏrya
[5]

Han Sorya (Chosŏn'gŭl: 한설야, born Han Pyŏngdo;[6] 3 August 1900 – 6 April 1970)[7] was a Korean writer, literary administrator and politician making much of his career in North Korea. Regarded as one of the most important fiction writers in North Korean history, Han also ran the entire North Korean literary scene as the head of the Korean Writers' Union and minister of education. During his career, Han survived a number of purges that were caused by factional strife within the Workers' Party. Sometimes acting as the force behind the purges within the cultural establishment, Han was also motivated by personal grievances against his rival writers. Han offered some of the earliest known contributions to the cult of personality of Kim Il-sung. Han himself was purged in 1962. His influence is felt in North Korea even today, though his name has been forgotten from official histories. Han's best known work, the anti-American Jackals, however has been invoked in the 2000s.

Personal life

Han was born on 3 August 1900 in Hamhung, in the north of Korea. His father was a county magistrate. He graduated from middle school in 1919 and attended Nippon University in Tokyo from 1921 to 1924. He emigrated to Manchuria in 1925 but returned to Seoul in the south in 1927.[6] In 1944, he returned to his native Hamhung but at after the end of the war he settled in Pyongyang.[8]

Career

Han was one of the most prominent fiction writers in the history of North Korean literature.[9] During his career, Han earned the official title of "the greatest writer of modern Korean literature", which he shared with Yi Kiyŏng, and was called a "living classic".[10] Han's career was at its height from 1955 to 1957.[10] Han, along with Kim Tu-bong, shaped North Korea's cultural policies.[11]

In pre-liberation Korea

In Seoul in 1927, Han joined the Korean Artist Proletarian Federation (KAPF), which had been founded in 1925 during his emigration in Manchuria.[6] It is in KAPF that his career started in earnest.[12]

During the early 1930s, he briefly associated himself with leftist ideas, but later, during the Pacific War, he became a pro-Japanese writer.[10] He also joined pro-Japanese writers' organizations.[6] After the war, he reinvented his image abruptly. Besides the Japanese, he also distanced himself from the Domestic faction of the Workers' Party,[10] though some scholars like Wada Haruki explicitly include him in the faction.[13] From this position, he played an important role in opposing the Soviet Koreans faction during the late 1950s.[10]

Emigration

After the liberation of Korea, writers were faced with the task of establishing a national literature. Some, like Kim Namch'ŏn, sought to gather a wide range of both moderate and progressive writers to write "democratic national literature".[14] A writers' association called the Headquarters for the Construction of Korean Literature (MR: Chosŏn Munhak Kŏnsŏl Ponbu) was founded in 1945 immediately after the liberation by Kim and others. Han, however, disagreed with this approach, accusing it of forgetting class questions.[15] Since the 1930s, Han had already had bad personal relations with these writers originally hailing from the south of Korea. The struggle for dominance in the North Korean literary bureaucracy made them worse.[16] In retaliation Han, together with other writers including Yi Kiyŏng founded the Korean Proletarian Literature Alliance (MR: Chosŏn P'ŭrollet'aria Munhak Tongmaeng).[15] For Han's purposes his fellow writer Yi Kiyŏng, though respected, was not particularly interested in political matters and thus posed no threat to Han's own aspirations.[10] The two organizations became merged to form Korean Writers' Alliance (MR: Chosŏn munhakka tongmaeng) in late 1945.[17] Disapproving of this, Han moved to the north of the country, and was one of the first writers to do so.[18]

In North Korea

Soon after starting his career in North Korea, Han had become one of the earliest and most enthusiastic admirers of Kim Il-sung,[10] with whom he had met in February 1946.[8] Han acted in his writing as a "curator of the personality cult" of Kim Il-sung[19] and was, in effect, the official hagiographer of Kim.[20] Indeed, the cult's beginnings can be traced as far back as 1946[21] when Han coined the appellation "our Sun" to describe Kim.[22] Han was also the first to employ the phrase "Sun of the Nation" in referring to Kim.[23] Considered protegé of Kim,[24] Han survived the purge of the Domestic faction.[10] The August faction criticized Han for his close ties with Kim Il-sung.[25]

Writers opposing Han, such as Yim Hwa, were purged because of their connections with South Korean communists. When the Domestic faction, including its leader Pak Hon-yong, were purged,[10] Han attacked their associates in the literary circles from 1953 onwards.[16] Later, between 1955 and 1957, Han attacked the Soviet Koreans faction,[10] accusing them of "factional, splitting activity"[26] and "not allow[ing] the party and the people to demonstrate their good feeling and love toward their leader".[12] It is possible that Han influenced Kim Il-sung to wage his campaign against the Soviet Koreans' faction specifically on the literary front, culminating in Kim's famous "Juche speech" of 1955: On Eliminating Dogmatism and Formalism and Establishing Juche in Ideological Work.[27] The speech credits Han for uncovering[28] "serious ideological errors on the literary front"[29] and can be considered an expression of public support for Han.[30] In editions after Han's purge in 1962, his name is omitted or replaced with the expression "prominent proletarian writers".[31]

Han Sorya meeting Americans in 1952. Han's best known work, Jackals, and legacy is known for anti-Americanism.

During his career, Han held multiple posts in the literature administration as well as politics in general. Since 1946, Han edited North Korean Federation of Literature and Arts (NKFLA) organ Munhwa chonsŏn[8] (Korean for "The Cultural Front")[20] and was the chairman of the organization since January 1948. During the Korean War, he was the chairman of the united Korean Federation of Literature and Arts (KFLA)[8] and a member in its Literature Organization.[32] Since 1953, Han was the chairman of the Korean Writers' Union.[8] This position made him the most powerful cultural administrator of the country and he effectively ran the whole system of publishing literature and providing for the writers.[10] Han also wrote for the Rodong Sinmun in the 1950s.[33] In 1946, Han became a member of the first Central Committee of the Workers' Party of North Korea.[8] He maintained the post in the party and its successor, the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea, until 1969.[4] Han became the minister of education in May 1956[34] and retained his post as the chairman of the Writers' Union.[8] During his ministerial career, Han initiated a campaign to diminish the importance of Russian language teaching in North Korean colleges in the spring of 1956.[35] He also started to enlist writers with a proletarian background.[4]

In 1962, Han was accused of "parochialism" and "bourgeois decadence" by the NKFLA. He was consequentially expelled from the party and stripped of his offices.[4] His purge coincided with the election of the third Supreme People's Assembly.[36] The following year, he was exiled to a village in Chagang Province,[4] and likely pardoned later, in 1969.[10] In his wake, other cultural figures, like Ch'oe Sŭnghŭi and Sim Yŏng, were purged also.[36] After his purge, propaganda pieces praising Kim Il-sung and his son Kim Jong-il continued to be produced but they were authored by anonymous "Creative Groups" rather than named artists.[37]

Legacy

Though Han Sorya's name has been since been all but forgotten in official North Korean accounts, his influence on contemporary North Korean literature has been significant.[9]

Literately, Han's style of writing has been described as experimental in his employment of various narrative structures.[2] Andrei Lankov considers Han mediocre as a writer[10] and assess his rivals Kim Namch'ŏn and Yi T'ae-jun "marginally more gifted", however considering North Korean literature of the period "boring and highly politicized propaganda" across the board.[16] Lankov describes Han "unscrupulous" as an opportunist and careerist.[10] The literary style and ideologies of Han and some of his adversaries are very similar, and Han's prevailing is due to factional strife. Some aspects of the struggles are baseless, too, as some works by Han include rather sympathetic depictions of Japanese soldiers, while many of his rivals were purged because of their "pro-Japanese" tendencies. Thus, Lankov concludes, the struggle within the literary establishment can be attributed to conflicting personal ambitions more than anything else.[16] Yearn Hong Choi assess that "Han is not a typical North Korean writer" but an extremely political one in his attempt at pleasing Kim Il-sung.[9] B. R. Myers contrasts Han's legacy with that of North Korean poet Jo Ki-chon. While in in Han's works Kim Il-sung embodies traditional Korean virtues of innocence and naivity having "mastered Marxism–Leninism with his heart, not his brain",[38] in Jo's he exemplifies particular traits of the rather early cult of personality built upon Soviet Marxism–Leninism and bloc conformity.[39] The style of Han based on Korean ethnic nationalism ultimately established itself as the standard of propaganda over Jo's.[38]

According to Myers, Han is not a writer of fiction in the official literary doctrine of socialist realism at all, but "his own man, not a socialist realist". Yearn Hong Choi disagrees, and points to Han's one-time praise of the Soviets and Kim Il-sung as well as his employment of propaganda in praise of a "utopian" North Korea as proof of him being a socialist realist. According to Yearn, Myers simply has a different idea of what socialist realism is from North Korean writers.[9]

In South Korea, Han's works were banned by the Ministry of Culture and Information.[40]

Works

History (MR: Ryŏksa) was the first long North Korean work to deal with Kim Il-sung during the Anti-Japanese struggle.[41] Yan'an faction member Yi P'il-gyu expressed harsh criticism of History,[42] aimed at Han's close relationship with Kim Il-sung: "Han Sŏl-ya — he should be killed. He deserves it even only for just one book — History. He is a very bad and harmful man; he is Kim Il Song's sycophant, a bootlicker".[43]

Jackals

All in all, there were a lot of poor people living around here. The missionaries had purchased the area for twenty wŏn upon arriving in Korea twenty years ago. Since then they had turned it into a scenic summer retreat, on which Reverend Yi and one or two newly-rich families had recently erected neat brick houses. But far from benefiting from this, those who had always lived there in their rock huts just became more inextricably enmired in poverty as time went on.

Jackals[44]

Jackals, or Wolves, (Chosŏn'gŭl: 승냥이; MR: Sŭngnyangi; lit. dholes) is a 1951 novella by Han, noted for its anti-American and anti-Christian tendencies.[45][46] Jackals tells the story of a Korean boy murdered by American missionaries with an injection.[47] In North Korea, the story is taken to be based on fact,[48] and B. R. Myers assesses that it is possible that it gave impetus to allegations of biological warfare in the Korean War by North Korea.[47] Called "the country's most enduring work of fiction",[49] it is still influential in North Korea where the word "jackals" has become a synonym for "Americans", and papers like Rodong Sinmun regularly invoke the language of the novella.[45]

The emotional story is inspired by Maxim Gorky's sentimental novel Mother,[50] which is considered the first socialist realist novel,[51] and a story that Han was familiar with.[50] Myers traces the story's foundation back to anti-Christian stories in rural colonial Korea as well as in fascist Japan.[46]

Jackals was republished in Chosŏn munhak, Ch'ŏngnyŏn munhak and Chollima in August 2003, one year after the Bush administration designated North Korea as part of the "Axis of evil".[52] After the Sony Pictures Entertainment hack of 2014, North Korean media employed similar rhetoric against Secretary of State John Kerry. One article compared Kerry with a jackal no fewer than eleven times.[45] Jackals was adapted on stage and performed in Pyongyang in 2015.[53] The novel remains one of the very few North Korean works of fiction that have been translated into English.[54]

Bibliography

See also

References

  1. ↑ 북한의 열사릉, 그 상징과 폭력: 혁명열사릉과 애국열사릉 (in Korean). Prometheus. 13 August 2006. Archived from the original on 30 October 2013. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
  2. 1 2 Namhee Lee (2007). The Making of Minjung: Democracy and the Politics of Representation in South Korea. Cornell University Press. p. 270. ISBN 0-8014-4566-3. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  3. ↑ Wit 2015, p. 44.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Myers 1994, p. 191.
  5. ↑ 황치복 (September 2002). 한일 전향소설의 문학사적 성격-한설야(韓雪野)와 나카노 시게하루(中野重治)를 중심으로 The Characteristics of the Novel of Conversion in Korea and Japan. 한국문학이론과 비평 제16집: 342–368. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Myers 1994, p. 189.
  7. ↑ "Han Sol-ya (1900–1976) – Find A Grave Memorial". Find a Grave. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Myers 1994, p. 190.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Choi, Yearn Hong (September 1995). "World literature in review: Korea". World Literature Today 69 (1). Retrieved 25 June 2015.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Lankov 2007, p. 34.
  11. ↑ Howard, Keith (September 2010). "Music across the DMZ". In John Morgan O'Connell and Salwa El-Shawan Castelo-Branco. Music and Conflict. Champaign, IL, USA: University of Illinois Press. p. 82. ISBN 9780252090257. Retrieved 23 June 2015 – via ProQuest ebrary.
  12. 1 2 Lankov 2007, p. 44.
  13. ↑ Lankov 2007, p. 70.
  14. ↑ Ryu 2013, p. 182.
  15. 1 2 Ryu 2013, p. 195.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 Lankov 2007, p. 35.
  17. ↑ Armstrong 2013, p. 182.
  18. ↑ Armstrong 2013, pp. 181–182.
  19. ↑ Myers 1994, p. 148.
  20. 1 2 3 Armstrong 2013, p. 43.
  21. ↑ Armstrong 2013, p. 171.
  22. ↑ Armstrong 2013, p. 223.
  23. ↑ Armstrong 2013, p. 44.
  24. ↑ Josephson, Paul R. (December 2009). Would Trotsky Wear a Bluetooth? : Technological Utopianism under Socialism, 1917–1989. Baltimore, MD, USA: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 153. ISBN 9780801898419. Retrieved 23 June 2015 – via ProQuest ebrary.
  25. ↑ Lankov 2007, p. 97.
  26. ↑ Lankov 2007, p. 37.
  27. ↑ Lankov 2007, pp. 39–40.
  28. ↑ Myers 2006, pp. 94–95.
  29. ↑ Kim Il-sung (2008) [28 December 1955]. "On eliminating dogmatism and formalism and establishing Juche in ideological work". Marxists Internet Archive. Transcription: Victor Barraza, HTML Markup: Salil Sen. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  30. ↑ Myers 2006, p. 111.
  31. ↑ Myers 2015, pp. 231–232, 236.
  32. ↑ Wit 2015, p. 43.
  33. ↑ Lankov 2007, p. 51.
  34. ↑ Lankov 2007, p. 58.
  35. ↑ Lankov 2007, p. 59.
  36. 1 2 Pratt 2007, p. 270.
  37. ↑ Pratt 2007, p. 301.
  38. 1 2 Myers 2011, p. 36.
  39. ↑ Myers 2015, p. 28, 40n36.
  40. ↑ Wells, Kenneth M. (1995). University of Hawaii at Manoa, ed. South Korea's Minjung Movement : The Culture and Politics of Dissidence. Honolulu, HI, USA: University of Hawaii Press. p. 195. ISBN 9780824864392. Retrieved 23 June 2015 – via ProQuest ebrary.
  41. ↑ Epstein, Stephen (January 2002). "On Reading North Korean Short Stories on the Cusp of the New Millennium" (PDF). Acta Koreana 5 (1): 37. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
  42. ↑ Lankov 2007, p. 79.
  43. ↑ Lankov 2007, p. 83.
  44. ↑ Translation in Myers 1994, pp. 158–159
  45. 1 2 3 Fields, David (18 February 2015). "Collapsist Narratives and State Strength: Reading The Interview through Han Sorya’s Jackals". Sino-NK. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
  46. 1 2 Myers 2011, p. 152.
  47. 1 2 Myers 2011, p. 40.
  48. ↑ Myers 2011, p. 138.
  49. ↑ Myers, Brian Reynolds (19 May 2003). "The Obsessions of Kim Jong Il". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  50. 1 2 David-West 2012, p. 2.
  51. ↑ Wit 2015, p. 110.
  52. ↑ David-West 2012, p. 1.
  53. ↑ "Drama "Wolf" Re-created in DPRK". KCNA Watch. KCNA. 31 August 2015. Retrieved 15 October 2015.
  54. ↑ Feffer, John (6 September 2006). "Writers From the Other Asia: the two Koreas". JapanFocus. The Asia-Pacific Journal. p. 4. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
  55. 1 2 3 4 Lee, Peter H. (8 December 2003). A History of Korean Literature. Cambridge University Press. p. 398. ISBN 978-1-139-44086-8. Retrieved July 2015.
  56. ↑ Myers 1994, p. 37.
  57. ↑ Lankov 2007, p. 33.

Works cited

  • — (2015). North Korea's Juche Myth. Busan: Sthele Press. ISBN 978-1-5087-9993-1. 

Further reading

  • Kwŏn Yŏgngmin, ed. (1989). Wŏlbuk munin yŏn'gu [Studies of Writers Who Went North]. Seoul: Munhak sasangsa. OCLC 22847934. 

External links

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