Hans Conrad Julius Reiter

For the Knight's Cross recipient, see Hans Reiter.

Hans Conrad Julius Reiter (February 26, 1881 – November 25, 1969) was a famous German physician who was convicted of war crimes for his medical experiments at the Buchenwald concentration camp. He wrote a book on "racial hygiene" called Deutsches Gold, Gesundes Leben - Frohes Schaffen.

Reiter was born in Reudnitz, near Leipzig in the German Empire. He studied medicine at Leipzig and Breslau (now Wrocław), and received a doctorate from Tübingen on the subject of tuberculosis. After receiving his doctorate, he went on to study at the hygiene institute in Berlin, the Pasteur Institute in Paris and St. Mary's Hospital in London, where he worked with Sir Almroth Wright for two years.[1] Reiter was also known for implementing strict anti-smoking laws in Nazi Germany.

First World War

During World War I, Reiter worked first as a military physician on the Western Front in France. While there, he cared for several soldiers suffering from Weil's disease, and made his first notable discovery that one of the causative bacteria were Leptospira icterohaemorrhagica, which had eluded culture methods and identification by other scientists ever since that disease had been recognized in 1886.[2] Later, after being transferred to the Balkans, where he served in the 1st Hungarian Army, he reported a German lieutenant with non-gonococcal urethritis, arthritis, and uveitis that developed two days after a diarrheal illness and had a protracted course with relapses over several months. The combination of two of the elements, urethritis and arthritis, had been recognized in the 16th century, and the triad had first been reported by Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie, an English surgeon who lived from 1783 to 1862. Separately from Reiter, the triad was also reported in 1916 by Fiessinger and Leroy.[3] Reiter thought he saw a spirochete which he called Treponema forans, related to but distinct from Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, and erroneously thought it was the cause, calling the disease Spirochaetosis Arthritica.[4][5] The error probably was influenced by his previous discovery of Leptospira icterohaemorrhagica, and by his work on Treponema pallidum that later enabled others to develop the "Reiter Complement Fixation Test" for syphilis.[1] Nevertheless, the eponym Reiter's syndrome was used for the disease he described, and the syndrome became widely known by that name.[6][7]

1918–1939

After the end of World War I, Reiter became chief of the hygiene department at Rostock.[1] He was a political man, and an enthusiastic supporter of the Nazi regime. His career was further boosted when, in 1932, he signed an oath of allegiance to Adolf Hitler. In 1933, he was made department director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Experimental Therapy. In 1936, his meteoric rise continued when he was made director of the health department of Mecklenberg-Schwerin and received an honorary professorship in Berlin. With Johann Breger, he wrote a book on racial hygiene called Deutsches Gold, Gesundes Leben — Frohes Schaffen ("German Gold, Healthy Life — Glad Work"). He was also a strong supporter of Hitler's anti-smoking campaign, considered medically progressive at the time. Reiter was a talented teacher who was popular with his students.

Second World War

Reiter was a member of the Schutzstaffel during World War II and participated in medical experiments performed by the Nazis. After the Nazis were defeated, he was arrested by the Red Army in Soviet Union-occupied Germany and tried at Nuremberg. During his detention, he admitted to knowledge of involuntary sterilization, euthanasia, and the murder of mental hospital patients in his function as the gatherer of statistics and acting as “quality control” officer, and to helping design and implement an explicitly criminal undertaking at Buchenwald concentration camp, in which internees were inoculated with an “experimental” typhus vaccine, resulting in over 200 deaths. He gained an early release from his internment, possibly because he assisted the Allies with his knowledge of germ warfare.[8]

Later life

After his release, Reiter went back to work in the field of medicine and research in rheumatology. It is interesting to note that some articles written about him after World War II made no mention of his Nazi past.[1][2] He died at age 88, in 1969, at his country estate in Kassel-Wilhelmshöhe.[1]

Controversy

In 1977, a group of doctors began a campaign to replace the term "Reiter's Syndrome" with "reactive arthritis". In addition to Reiter's war crimes, they pointed out that he was not the first to describe the syndrome, nor were his conclusions correct regarding its pathogenesis. The group was joined by Dr. Ephraim Engleman, one of the authors on the first English-language journal article that used the term "Reiter's syndrome," who was still practicing 65 years later and had been unaware of his Nazi connections at the time he suggested the eponym. The campaign gradually gained momentum, and the term "Reiter's syndrome" has become increasingly anachronistic.[9][10]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Good, Armin E. (1970). "Obituary - Hans Reiter, 1881-1969" (PDF). Arthritis and Rheumatism 13 (3): 296–297. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
  2. 1 2 Bailey, Hamilton; Bishop, W.J. "Reiter's Disease" (PDF). British Journal of Venereal Disease 35: 101–110. PMID 13795839. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
  3. ↑ Feissinger, Noel; Leroy, Edgar (1916). "Contribution à l’étude d’une épidémie dedysenterie dans la Somme". Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société Medicale des Hôpiteaux deParis 40: 2030–2069.
  4. ↑ Reiter, Hans (1916). "Über eine bisher unerkannte Spirochaeten infektion (Spirochaetosis Arthritica)". Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift 42: 1535–1536.
  5. ↑ Reiter, Hans (1917). "Über die Spirochaete forans". Zentralblatt fur Bakteriologie 79: 176.
  6. ↑ Sommer, A. (1918). "Drei als wahrscheinlich Spirochaetosis Reiter arthritica anzusprechende Krankheitsfalle". Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift 44: 403.
  7. ↑ Bauer, Walter; Engleman, Ephraim P. (1942). "A Syndrome of Unknown Etiology Characterized by Urethritis, Conjunctivitis and Arthritis (so-called Reiter's Disease)". Trans Assn Am Phys 57: 307–313.
  8. ↑ Wallace, Daniel J.; Weisman, Michael (2003). "The physician Hans Reiter as prisoner of war in Nuremberg: a contextual review of his interrogation (1945–1947)". Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism 32: 208–230.
  9. ↑ Panush, R.S.; Paraschiv, D.; Dorff, R.E. (February 2003). "The tainted legacy of Hans Reiter". Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatology 32 (4): 231–236. PMID 12621586. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
  10. ↑ Panush, R.S.; Wallace, D.J.; Dorff, R.E.; Engleman, E.P. (2007). "Retraction of the suggestion to use the term "Reiter's syndrome" sixty-five years later: the legacy of Reiter, a war criminal, should not be eponymic honor but rather condemnation". Arthritis and Rheumatism 56 (2): 693–694. doi:10.1002/art.22374. PMID 17265506.

External links

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