Harold Brookfield

Harold Chillingworth Brookfield
Born	1926 London
Nationality	British, Australian
Institution	Australian National University
Field	human geography, cultural ecology rural development
School or tradition	cultural ecology
Alma mater	London School of Economics (B.A., PhD)

Harold Chillingworth Brookfield (born 1926 in England) is a British and Australian geographer specialising in the analysis of rural development, small-scale societies, family farming, and the relationship between land use and society in developing countries. He retired from the Australian National University in 1991.

Background

Harold Brookfield grew up in North London, England and attended Minchenden Grammar School from 1937–1943. Apparently remaining in London through the war, he took a BSc degree in geography, graduating in 1945 from the London School of Economics and Political Science, University of London at age 19 or 20. His PhD followed in 1950, a study of post-eighteenth century urban development in coastal Sussex. However interests soon shifted to rural issues in developing nations.

His academic positions were:

• Assistant lecturer in Geography at Birkbeck College at the University of London, from 1948–1952.
• Lecturer and head, Department of Geography at the University of Natal in Durban, South Africa, 1952–1955.
• University of New England Australia 1955–1957.
• Fellow, Australian National University (ANU), 1957–1969
• Professor at Pennsylvania State University 1969–1971 (he resigned.^[1])
• Professor at McGill University in Canada 1971–1976, including a Guggenheim Fellowship.
• Chair of Geography at the University of Melbourne 1976–1982, including extensive periods working for the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Programme.
• Professor, Australian National University 1982–1991.
• Emeritus professor, ANU 1991–. Also project Director and researcher with PLEC until the early 2000s.

He was also an Honorary Fellow at the Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex in the 1970s, and led the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Programme in Fiji.

Contributions

Brookfield's research is primarily dedicated to the study of rural societies and the environment in developing nations. He emphasises field studies at the microlevel, drawing on understandings from a range of disciplines. He developed close comparative research methods, identified with cultural ecology to understand rural societies and particularly food-getting activities and farming systems.^[2] Brookfield wrote that his abiding concern was the ‘… adaptation of the use and management of land to variability and change in society, economy and natural environment’; this he called the ‘soul’ of geography (Brookfield, 2004, 40).^[3] He was always ‘… drawn back to the practice and often times humbling experience of fieldwork in distant farmlands, forests, islands and mountains of the developing world’ (Connell and Waddell, 2005, 130). Particularly while working at the ANU, beginning in Papua New Guinea, he worked on the 'how' and the 'why' of land use, agrarian systems, and rural development. This came to be known as the 'Brookfield school' of analysis.^[2]

Brookfield’s book ‘Interdependent Development’, written in 1975 was lauded as a classic (Corbridge, 1996; O’Connor, 1996). It started a ‘… theoretical backlash against the irrelevance of several geographical traditions’, and argued for a more historical and green/environmental perspective, based on empirical research (Connell and Rugendyke, 2005, 58). His collaboration with Piers Blaikie produced one of the key political ecology texts, 'Land Degradation and Society' in 1987.

The United Nations University's Project on People, Land, Management and Environmental Change (PLEC) was a major comparative initiative begun by Brookfield and others, looking at different land use trajectories and how farming actually creates positive biodiversity in the tropics. It promoted farmers as experts. It started in 1992 and was latterly funded by the Global Environmental Facility until 2002. It has resulted in many substantial works.

Recognition

• Fellow of the British Academy (2009)^[4]
• Australia-International Medal of the Institute of Australian Geographers (2005)^[2]
• Robert McC. Netting Award (1997), Association of American Geographers (1997). see Waddell, E. 1997. Harold Chilingworth Brookfield.
• 'Laureat D'Honneur' of the International Geographical Union (1996)
• Fellow of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia (1977)^[5]
• Back Award of the Royal Geographical Society for Geographical Studies of the Pacific region (1975)
• Fellow of the J.S. Guggenheim Foundation (1973)

Major publications

• Brookfield, H.C. 2008. Family farms are still around: time to invert the old agrarian question? Geography Compass 2 (1): 108–126.
• Brookfield, H.C. and H. Parsons 2007. Family Farms: Survival and Prospect. A world-wide Analysis. London: Routledge.
• Brookfield, H.C., H. Parsons and M. Brookfield (eds.) 2003. Agrodiversity: Learning from Farmers Across the World. Tokyo: United Nations University Press.
• Brookfield H.C., C. Padoch, H. Parsons and M. Stocking. 2002. Cultivating Biodiversity: Understanding, Analysing and Using Agricultural Diversity. Rugby: ITDG Publications.
• Brookfield, H.C. 2001. Exploring Agrodiversity. New York: Columbia University Press.
• Brookfield, H.C. 2001. Intensification and alternative approaches to agricultural change. Asia Pacific Viewpoint 42: 181–192.
• Brookfield, H.C., Potter, L. and Byron, Y. 1995. In Place of the Forest: Environmental and Social Transformation in Borneo and Eastern Malay Peninsula. Tokyo: United Nations University Press.
• Brookfield H.C., L. Doube, B. Banks. 1994. Transformation with Industrialization in Peninsular Malaysia. Oxford University Press.
• Brookfield H.C., and Y. Byron (eds.) 1993. South-East Asia's Environmental Future: the Search for Sustainability. United Nations University Press.
• Brookfield, H.C., Hadi, A.S. and Mahmud, Z. 1991. The City in the Village: the in situ Urbanisation of Villages, Villagers and their Land around Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Oxford University Press.
• Brookfield, H.C., T.P. Bayliss-Smith, R.Bedford and M. Latham. 1988. Islands, Islanders and the World: the Colonial and Post-colonial Experience of Eastern Fiji''. Cambridge University Press.
• Blaikie, P. and Brookfield, H.C. 1987. Land Degradation and Society. London: Methuen.
• Brookfield H.C., F.Ellis and R.G. Ward. 1986. Land, Cane and Coconuts : Papers on the Rural Economy of Fiji. Australian National University.
• Brookfield, H. C. 1979. Lakeba : environmental change, population dynamics and resource use . Canberra: Australian National University for UNESCO.
• Brookfield H.C., R.D. Bedford et al., 1977. Population, Resources and Development in the Eastern Islands of Fiji: information for decision-making. Canberra : Development Studies Centre, Australian National University for UNESCO.
• Brookfield, H.C. 1975. Interdependent Development. London: Methuen.
• Brookfield, H.C. 1973. The Pacific in Transition. London: Edward Arnold
• Brookfield, H.C. 1972. Colonialism, Development and Independence: The Case of the Melanesian Islands in the South Pacific. Cambridge University Press.
• Brookfield, H.C. and D. Hart. 1971. Melanesia: A Geographical Interpretation of an Island World. London: Methuen.
• Brookfield, H. C. (ed.) 1969. Pacific market-places; a collection of essays. Canberra: Australian National University Press.
• Brookfield, H. C. and P. Brown. 1969. The people of Vila: report on a census of a Pacific Island town. Canberra: Australian National University Research School of Pacific Studies.
• Brookfield, H.C. and P. Brown. 1963. Struggle for Land: agriculture and group territories among the Chimbu of the New Guinea highlands . Oxford University Press.
• Brookfield, H.C. 1962. Local study and comparative method: An example from central New Guinea. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 52, 242–254.
• Brown, P. & Brookfield, H. C. 1959. Chimbu land and society . Glebe: Australasian Medical Publishing Company.

Further reading

• Connell, J. and Rugendyke, B. 2005. Harold Brookfield, 1926– . In Simon, D. (ed.) Fifty Key Thinkers in Development. Routledge, London, 56–61.
• Connell, J. and Waddell, E. 2005. Introduction: that most remarkable of outside men – Harold Brookfield’s intellectual legacy. Asia Pacific Viewpoint 46, 129–133.
• Connell, J. and Waddell, E. (eds) 2006. Between Local and Global: Environment, Change and Development in the Asia Pacific Region. Routledge. Festschrift for Harold Brookfield.
• Corbridge, S. 1996: Classics in Human Geography revisited, on Brookfield, H., 1975, Interdependent Development, Commentary 1. Progress in Human Geography 20, 85–90.
• O’Connor, A. 1996: Classics in Human Geography revisited, on Brookfield, H., 1975, Interdependent Development, Commentary 2. Progress in Human Geography 20, 87–88.

References

1. "The one that finally did tempt me to accept included a proposal that I play a leading role in a new African studies center at Pennsylvania State, but on arrival I quickly found this was at that time nothing but a front, and that it seemed to be assumed I would become a cultural ecologist of the United States. My actual teaching role seemed to me to resemble that of an assembly-line operative in a huge education factory. All this was discouraging, but the worst part of the experience was that Pennsylvania State University was located deep in 'middle America', and I had gone there in 1969 at the height of the Nixon period in American history. I quickly developed contacts in Canada, and on the day Nixon invaded Cambodia in 1970 I happily resigned my tenured post to go to what was initially a very temporary position at McGill." Brookfield, H.C. 2004: American Geography and one non-American geographer. Geojournal 59, 39–41.
2. http://www.iag.org.au/about/awards-of-the-iag/brookfield-citation/
3. Brookfield, H.C. 2004: American Geography and one non-American geographer. Geojournal 59, 39–41.
4. Elections to the Fellowship 2009: Professor Harold C. Brookfield British Academy website
5. Fellowship profile on the ASSA website