Health in Thailand

Life expectancy in Thailand is seventy years.[1] A system providing universal health care for Thai nationals has been established since 2002.[1]

Health and medical care is overseen by the Ministry of Public Health, along with several other non-ministerial government agencies, with total national expenditure on health amounting to 4.3 percent of GDP in 2009. HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and other infectious diseases are serious public health issues.[1] In recent years non-communicable diseases and injuries have also become important causes of morbidity and mortality.[1]

Health infrastructure

Siriraj Hospital in Bangkok. Siriraj Hospital is the oldest and largest hospital in Thailand.

The majority of health care services in Thailand is delivered by the public sector, which includes 1,002 hospitals and 9,765 health stations. Universal health care is provided through three programs: the civil service welfare system for civil servants and their families, Social Security for private employees, and the Universal Coverage scheme theoretically available to all other Thai nationals. Some private hospitals are participants in these programs, though most are financed by patient self-payment and private insurance. According to the World Bank, under Thailand’s health schemes, 99.5% of the population have health protection coverage.[2]

The Ministry of Public Health (MOPH) oversees national health policy and also operates most government health facilities. The National Health Security Office (NHSO) allocates funding through the Universal Coverage program. Other health-related government agencies include the Health System Research Institute (HSRI), Thai Health Promotion Foundation ("ThaiHealth"), National Health Commission Office (NHCO), the Government Pharmaceutical Organization, and the Emergency Medical Institute of Thailand (EMIT). Although there have been national policies for decentralization, there has been resistance in implementing such changes and the MOPH still directly controls most aspects of health care.

Thailand introduced universal coverage reforms in 2001, becoming one of only a handful of lower-middle income countries to do so. Means-tested health care for low income households was replaced by a new and more comprehensive insurance scheme, originally known as the 30 baht project, in line with the small co-payment charged for treatment. People joining the scheme receive a gold card which allows them to access services in their health district, and, if necessary, be referred for specialist treatment elsewhere.[2]

The bulk of finance comes from public revenues, with funding allocated to Contracting Units for Primary Care annually on a population basis. According to the WHO, 65% of Thailand's health care expenditure in 2004 came from the government, while 35% was from private sources. Thailand achieved universal coverage with relatively low levels of spending on health but it faces significant challenges: rising costs, inequalities, and duplication of resources.[2][3]

Although the reforms have received a good deal of criticism, they have proved popular with poorer Thais, especially in rural areas, and survived the change of government after the 2006 military coup. Then Public Health Minister, Mongkol Na Songkhla, abolished the 30 baht co-payment and made the UC scheme free. It is not yet clear whether the scheme will be modified further under the coalition government that came to power in January 2008.[4][5][6]

In 2009, annual spending on health care amounted to 345 international dollars per person in purchasing power parity (PPP). Total expenditures represented about 4.3% of the gross domestic product (GDP); of this amount, 75.8% came from public sources and 24.2% from private sources. Physician density was 2.98 per 10,000 population in 2004, with 22 hospital beds per 100,000 population in 2002.[7]

Data for utilization of health services in 2008 includes: 81% contraceptive prevalence, 80% antenatal care coverage with at least four visits, 99% of births attended by skilled health personnel, 98% measles immunization coverage among one-year-olds, and 82% success in treatment of smear-positive tuberculosis. Improved drinking-water sources were available to 98% of the population, and 96% were using improved sanitation facilities (2008).[8]

Hospitals

Most hospitals in Thailand are operated by the Ministry of Public Health. Private hospitals are regulated by the Medical Registration Division. Other government units and public organisations also operate hospitals, including the military, universities, local governments and the Red Cross. As of 2010, there are 1,002 public hospitals and 316 registered private hospitals.

Provincial hospitals operated by the MOPH's Office of the Permanent Secretary are classified as follows:[9]

While all three types of hospitals serve the local population, community hospitals are usually limited to providing primary care, while referring patients in need of more advanced or specialised care to general or regional hospitals.

The term general hospital, when referring to private hospitals, refer to hospitals which provide non-specialised care. Private hospitals with fewer than 30 beds are officially termed health centres. Both are defined as accepting patient admissions.

Water and sanitation

In 2008, 98% of the population have access to an improved water source.[1] 96% of the population have access to improved sanitation facilities.[1]

Health status

Infectious diseases, most notably HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis, are serious public health issues. Non-communicable diseases and injuries have also become important causes of morbidity and mortality.[1] The mortality rate is 205 per 1,000 adults for those aged between 15 and 59 years.[8] The under-5 mortality rate is 14 per 1,000 live births.[8] The maternal mortality ratio is 48 per 100,000 live births (2008).[8]

Years of life lost, distributed by cause, was 24% from communicable diseases, 55% from non-communicable diseases, and 22% from injuries (2008).[8]

Life expectancy

Life expectancy in Thailand is seventy years.[1] Life expectancy is 66 years for males and 74 for females.[8]

Infectious diseases

Major infectious diseases in Thailand also include bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis, dengue fever, malaria, Japanese encephalitis, rabies, and leptospirosis.[10] The prevalence of tuberculosis is 189 per 100,000 population.[8]

HIV/AIDS

Main article: HIV/AIDS in Thailand

Since HIV/AIDS was first reported in Thailand in 1984, 1,115,415 adults had been infected as of 2008, with 585,830 having died since 1984. 532,522 Thais were living with HIV/AIDS in 2008.[11] In 2009 the adult prevalence of HIV was 1.3%.[12] As of 2009, Thailand had the highest prevalence of HIV in Asia.[13]

The government has begun to improve its support to persons with HIV/AIDS and has provided funds to HIV/AIDS support groups. Public programs have begun to alter unsafe behavior, but discrimination against those infected continues. The government has funded an antiretroviral drug program and, as of September 2006, more than 80,000 HIV/AIDS patients had received such drugs.

The American Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) conducted a study in partnership with the Thailand Ministry of Public Health to ascertain the effectiveness of providing people who inject drugs illicitly with daily doses of the anti-retroviral drug Tenofovir as a prevention measure. The results of the study were released in mid-June 2013 and revealed a 48.9% reduced incidence of the virus among the group of subjects who received the drug, in comparison to the control group who received a placebo. The Principal Investigator of the study stated in the Lancet medical journal: “We now know that pre-exposure prophylaxis can be a potentially vital option for HIV prevention in people at very high risk for infection, whether through sexual transmission or injecting drug use.”[14]

Food safety

Food safety scares are not uncommon to Thailand. Besides the ever common microbial contamination of street side food left out in the hot sun and dusty roads, as well as store food, contamination by banned or toxic pesticides and fake food products is also common.[15]

In July 2012 consumer action groups demanded 4 unlisted toxic pesticides found on common vegetables at levels 100 times the EU guidelines (which are banned in developed countries) be banned. Chemical companies are requesting to add them to the Thai Dangerous Substances Act so they can continue to be used, including on exported mangoes to developed countries which have banned their use.[15] In 2014, Khon Kaen University concluded after a study, that Thailand should ban 155 types of pesticides, with 14 listed as urgent: Carbofuran, Methyl Bromide, Dichlorvos, Lambda-cyhalothrin, Methidathion-methyl, Omethoate, Zeta Cypermethrin, Endosulfan sulfate, Aldicarb, Azinphos-methyl, Chlorpyrifos-ethyl, Methoxychlor and Paraquat.[16]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Thailand - Country cooperation strategy: At a glance" (PDF). World Health Organization. May 2010. Retrieved 21 December 2011.
  2. 1 2 3 "Thailand: Sustaining Health Protection for All". World Bank Thailand. Retrieved 29 August 2012.
  3. ↑ World Health Organization Statistical Information System: Core Health Indicators
  4. ↑ The Universal Coverage Policy of Thailand: An Introduction
  5. ↑ G20 Health Care: "Health Care Systems and Health Market Reform in the G20 Countries." Prepared for the World Economic Forum by Ernst & Young. January 3, 2006.
  6. ↑ Hughes D, Leethongdee S (2007). "Universal coverage in the land of smiles: lessons from Thailand's 30 baht health reforms". Health Affairs 26 (4): 999–1008. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.26.4.999. PMID 17630443.
  7. ↑ "Thailand - Country statistics". Global Health Observatory. World Health Organization. Retrieved 21 December 2011.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Thailand - Country health profile" (PDF). Global Health Observatory. World Health Organization. Retrieved 21 December 2011.
  9. ↑ ข้อมูลทั่วไปเกี่ยวกับสถานบริการ. Bureau of Policy and Strategy website (in Thai). Bureau of Policy and Strategy, Office of the Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Public Health. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
  10. ↑ Thailand country profile. Library of Congress Federal Research Division (July 2007). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  11. ↑ Pongphon Sarnsamak (25 November 2008). "More teenaged girls getting HIV infection". The Nation. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  12. ↑ "Thailand". HIV InSite. UCSF Center for HIV Information. July 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  13. ↑ "COUNTRY COMPARISON :: HIV/AIDS - ADULT PREVALENCE RATE". The CIA World Factbook. CIA. 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  14. ↑ Emma Bourke (14 June 2013). "Preventive drug could reduce HIV transmission among injecting drug users". The Conversation Australia. The Conversation Media Group. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  15. 1 2 Laopaisarntaksin, Pawat (2012-07-12). "Cancer-causing chemical residues found in vegetables". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
  16. ↑ http://www.biothai.org/node/302
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