Heathrow Terminal 5

Heathrow Terminal 5

Terminal 5 exterior
Location within Greater London
Alternative names Terminal 5, British Airways Terminal 5, T5
General information
Type Airport terminal
Location Junction 14 of the M25 off the A3044
Address Harmondsworth, London, TW6 2GA
Coordinates 51°28′22″N 0°29′15″W / 51.47278°N 0.48756°W / 51.47278; -0.48756Coordinates: 51°28′22″N 0°29′15″W / 51.47278°N 0.48756°W / 51.47278; -0.48756
Elevation 22 m (72 ft)
Current tenants International Airlines Group
Construction started September 2002
Completed 2008
Inaugurated 14 March 2008 (opened 27 March 2008 (2008-03-27))
Cost £4.2 billion
Client Heathrow Airport Holdings
British Airports Authority
Landlord Heathrow Airport Holdings
Technical details
Structural system Steel frame roof with glass facades
Floor area 353,020 square metres (3,799,900 sq ft) (Satellite A), 18,500 square metres (199,000 sq ft) (retail area)
Design and construction
Architect Richard Rogers
Architecture firm Richard Rogers Partnership
Services engineer Hathaway Roofing Ltd (roof)
Civil engineer Arup (above ground), Mott MacDonald (substructures)
Other designers Pascall+Watson
Main contractor Mace, AMEC, Laing O'Rourke, Morgan Vinci JV (tunnelling)

Heathrow Terminal 5 is an airport terminal at Heathrow Airport (IATA: LHR, ICAO: EGLL), serving London. Opened in 2008, the main building in the complex is the largest free-standing structure in the United Kingdom. Terminal 5 is currently used exclusively as one of the three global hubs of International Airlines Group, served by British Airways and Iberia, with the others being London Gatwick North and Madrid Barajas Terminal 4. Prior to 2012, the terminal was used solely by British Airways.

The terminal was designed to handle 35 million passengers a year. In 2012 Terminal 5 handled 29.8 million passengers on 199,627 flights. 41% of the airport's passengers on 43% of its flights with an average of 149 passengers per flight. It was the busiest terminal at the airport, measured both by passenger numbers and flight movements.[1]

The building's leading architects were from the Richard Rogers Partnership and production design was completed by aviation architects Pascall+Watson. The engineers for the structure were Arup and Mott MacDonald. The building cost £4 billion and took almost 20 years from conception to completion, including the longest public inquiry in British history.

History

Plans

The possibility of a fifth terminal at Heathrow emerged as early as 1982, when there was debate over whether the expansion of Stansted or the expansion of Heathrow (advocated by BA) was the way forward for the UK aviation industry.[2] Planning studies for the terminal commenced in February 1988 and Richard Rogers was selected to design the terminal in 1989. Rogers compared his design to the Centre Pompidou, an earlier project that has similar flexibility in the use of its space.[3]

BAA formally announced its proposal for construction of T5 in May 1992, submitting a formal planning application on 17 February 1993.[4][5] A public inquiry into the proposals began on 16 May 1995 and lasted nearly four years, finally ending on 17 March 1999 after sitting for 525 days. The inquiry, based at the Renaissance Hotel Heathrow, was the longest planning inquiry ever held in the UK.[6] Finally, more than eight years after the initial planning application, then-transport minister Stephen Byers announced on 20 November 2001 the British government's decision to grant planning permission for the building of a fifth passenger terminal at Heathrow.

Construction

Terminal 5 under construction in July 2006. The frontal car park building can be seen to the left, air side is to the right

Construction, which was undertaken by Laing O'Rourke,[7] began in September 2002, with earthworks for the construction of the buildings' foundation. A preparatory archaeological dig at the site found more than 80,000 artefacts.[8] In November of the following year, work started on the steel superstructure of the main terminal building. By January 2005, the nine tunnels needed to provide road and rail access, and to provide drainage, were completed. In March that year, the sixth and final section of the main terminal roof was lifted into position, and in December the building was made weatherproof. The roof could not have been lifted with conventional cranes because it would have penetrated vertically into the airport's radar field. Therefore, the roof was assembled on the ground using smaller cranes, then lifted into place by eight custom-built towers, each fitted with two hydraulic jacks to pull the roof up. At peak there were around 8,000 people working on the construction site, whilst over the life of the project over 60,000 people were involved in the construction.[9][10] Over 15,000 volunteers were recruited for a total of 68 trials lasting from September 2007 until March 2008 to test the operational readiness of Terminal 5 prior to its opening.[9]

Opening

Queen Elizabeth II officially opened Terminal 5 in a ceremony on 14 March 2008. Used exclusively by British Airways (and now IAG (Iberia)), the terminal opened for passenger use on 28 March 2008, with flight BA26 from Hong Kong its first arrival at 04:50 GMT. The first passenger to enter Terminal 5 was Paul Walker, a UK ex-pat from Kenya who entered through security at 04:30 on 27 March 2008 and was presented with a boarding pass by the British Airways CEO Willie Walsh for the first departing flight, BA302 to Paris.[9][11]

On the day of opening, it quickly became apparent that the new terminal was not operating as planned, forcing British Airways to cancel 34 flights and suspend baggage check-in.[12][13] Over the following 10 days some 42,000 bags failed to travel with their owners,[14] and over 500 flights were cancelled. British Airways was not able to operate its full schedule from Terminal 5 until 8 April 2008 and had to postpone the transfer of its long-haul flights from Terminal 4 to Terminal 5.[15] The difficulties were later blamed on a number of problems with the terminal's IT systems, coupled with car parking.[16] British Airways launched an advertising campaign to assure the public that things are working normally again.[17]

Site

Overview

The Terminal 5 building is on a 260-hectare (640-acre) site on the western side of the airport, between the western ends of the northern and southern runways. The site was previously occupied by the Perry Oaks sewage works and an area of smallholdings called Burrows Hill Close Estate, and is east of the M25 motorway; see also Heathrow (hamlet). Two artificial watercourses, the Longford River and the Duke of Northumberland's River, originally ran through the middle of the site.[10] Most of the terminal is in the ecclesiastical parish of Harmondsworth. The southern section, including the train station, is in the ecclesiastical parish of Stanwell. The whole area is in the London Borough of Hillingdon.

Twin Rivers Diversion Scheme

One of the most time-critical civil engineering sub-projects of the Terminal's construction programme was the diversion of the Longford River and Duke of Northumberland's River around the western perimeter of the airport. This was a complex scheme, which involved not only the re-routing of the two rivers but also the realignment of the A3044 dual carriageway and Western Perimeter Road. The challenge was complicated by strict time constraints and the proximity of the works to local residents. Further restrictions to site activities resulted from the overhead flight path from both runways. 95% of the diverted rivers were placed in two open man-made channels 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) in length, compared with only 50% of the original rivers which were conveyed beneath the runways in culverts. The Twin Rivers Diversion scheme achieved a Civil Engineering Environmental Quality (CEEQUAL) Award for its ability to maintain high environmental standards and quality during design and construction of the project.[18] It involved much moving and planting of river wildlife and plants.[19]

Buildings

The main building from the air
Check-in Area in the main building
Satellite Terminal 5C

The Terminal 5 complex includes several buildings, a new control tower and a railway station. The main terminal building is referred to as Terminal 5A. There are two satellite buildings, Terminal 5B and Terminal 5C. At the time of opening, Terminal 5A and Terminal 5B were completed, whilst Terminal 5C, which was built by Carillion,[20] was under construction and scheduled to open later in May 2010; however it only opened in June 2011.[21] The whole complex is fronted by a separate building containing road transport facilities.

Within the complex there are more than 100 shops and restaurants.[22]

Main terminal building

The main terminal building is 396 metres (1,299 ft) long, 176 metres (577 ft) wide and 40 metres (130 ft) tall.[23] It is the largest building in the Terminal 5 complex and is the largest free-standing building in the United Kingdom. Its four stories are covered by a single-span undulating steel frame roof, with glass façades angled at 6.5 degrees to the vertical. The area covered by the roof is the size of five football pitches, and each section weighs 2,200 tonnes.

T5A contains a check-in hall, a departure lounge with retail stores and other passenger services, and a baggage reclaim hall. T5A contains the bulk of the terminal's baggage handling system. This baggage handling system is the largest in the world with 5 miles (8.0 km) of high-speed track and 11 miles (18 km) of regular conveyor belts. It is designed to handle 4,000 bags per hour, and also has an "early bag store" which can temporarily store up to 4,000 bags.

Departing passengers enter the departures level on the third floor by lift or escalator from the interchange plaza. Upon entering the departures concourse, passengers see views across Heathrow and the surrounding area, and are in a space that is unobstructed to the rising roof above. After check-in and security screening, the airside departure lounge also provides views across the airport, its runways and beyond.

British Airways maintains offices overlooking the main Terminal 5 passenger handling areas, designed so that staff can have, in the words of Aviation Transport Weekly, a "visual connection to customers". When Terminal 5 opened on 27 March 2008, British Airways staff, including crew check-in staff, relocated from the Compass Centre to Terminal 5.[24]

Satellite terminal buildings

Terminal 5B was the first satellite building to be built. Terminal 5C is the second satellite building, opening unofficially on 20 May 2011, with official opening on 1 June 2011, in conjunction with the relaunch of British Airways service to San Diego. Terminal 5B measures 442 metres (1,450 ft) long by 52 metres (171 ft) wide and 19.5 metres (64 ft) high, and contains 37 lifts and 29 escalators.[10]

There is also the potential for an additional satellite building, T5D, to be located to the east of T5C, as displayed in Heathrow's Capital Investment Plan for 2009.

An underground automated people mover (APM) system, to the Bombardier Innovia APM 200 design, is used to transport passengers between Terminal 5A, Terminal 5B and Terminal 5C. The APM system is located air side and is thus only available to passengers and other authorised personnel. The system can accommodate up to 6,800 passengers per hour and the trains run at 50 kilometres per hour (31 mph) with a journey time of 45 seconds. Passengers descend to the station via the longest open design escalator in Europe, the escalators are also the longest in the United Kingdom, longer than those at Angel tube station on the London Underground, which had held the title since 1992.

Frontal building

Unlike most airport terminals, the main terminal building does not have direct road access. Instead it is fronted by a 6-level frontal building, which contains a bus station and taxi rank (at ground level), a 3,800 space short stay multi-storey car park (levels 1 to 4) and a drop off zone (level 5). A walkway at level 1 of the frontal building provides under-cover access to the SOFITEL Heathrow Airport T5 Hotel, whilst a section of level 2 is used for the link to the long term business car park (see below).[10]

The frontal building is connected to the main terminal by covered walkways at ground level (the arrivals level of the main terminal building) and skybridges at level 5 (departures level). The combination of the two buildings with the linking walkways creates a series of open courtyards. Whilst one of these courtyards is occupied by the access structures for the railway station below, others contain a dancing fountain and a grove of 40 London Plane trees, and are accessible to passengers and other terminal visitors.[10]

New control tower

At the time of its design Terminal 5's proposed height was so tall that it would have blocked runway views from Heathrow Airport's then control tower. Therefore, before construction began on the terminal building, a new taller air traffic control tower was constructed. Costing £50 million it was assembled off-site before being manoeuvred into position within the central terminal area near to Heathrow Terminal 3, during 2004. This new control tower weighs nearly 1000 tons and is 87 metres (285 ft) in height, making it one of the tallest in Europe and twice the height of London's Nelson's Column. It became operational in April 2007.

A380 and Boeing 747

In Autumn 2014, British Airways operated the A380 twice daily to Los Angeles and daily, or most days, to Hong Kong, Washington, D. C. and Johannesburg. Flights to Singapore began in Autumn 2014 and to San Francisco in Spring 2015. It operate 10 A380s from December 2015, with two more arrving in 2016, taking the fleet size to a total of 12. The 747 fleet was reduced to 42 frames by April 2015, flying to destinations in India, Africa and the Americas – most notably New York with several daily departures. However British Airways now has more Boeing 777s than 747s (58 v 42) but still remains the largest operator of Boeing 747-400.

Airlines and destinations

British Airways use Terminal 5 to operate the majority of their flights serving Heathrow. Some short- and mid-haul destinations are served from Terminal 3 due to capacity restrictions at Terminal 5. Since March 2012, International Airlines Group subsidiary Iberia has operated from Terminal 5 as well, but all Iberia flights at Terminal 5 use British Airways flight numbers.[25]

AirlinesDestinations
British AirwaysAberdeen, Abu Dhabi, Abuja, Amsterdam, Athens, Atlanta, Austin, Bahrain, Baltimore, Bangalore, Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, Basel/Mulhouse, Beijing–Capital, Beirut, Belfast–City, Bergen, Berlin–Tegel, Bologna, Boston, Brussels, Bucharest-Otopeni, Buenos Aires–Ezeiza, Calgary, Chengdu, Chennai, Chicago–O'Hare, Copenhagen, Dallas/Fort Worth, Delhi, Doha, Dubai–International, Dublin, Düsseldorf, Edinburgh, Frankfurt, Freetown (suspended), Geneva, Glasgow, Gothenburg, Grand Cayman, Hamburg, Hanover, Hong Kong, Houston–Intercontinental, Hyderabad, Ibiza, Istanbul–Atatürk, Jeddah, Johannesburg–Tambo, Kiev–Boryspil, Kraków, Kuala Lumpur–International, Kuwait, Lagos, Larnaca, Leeds/Bradford, Los Angeles, Luanda, Madrid, Manchester, Mexico City, Milan–Linate, Milan–Malpensa, Monrovia (suspended), Montreal–Trudeau, Moscow–Domodedovo, Mumbai, Munich, Muscat, Nassau, New York–JFK, Newark, Newcastle upon Tyne, Nice, Oslo–Gardermoen, Palma de Mallorca, Paris–Charles de Gaulle, Paris–Orly, Philadelphia, Pisa, Reykjavík–Keflavík, Rio de Janeiro–Galeão, Riyadh, Rome–Fiumicino, St Petersburg, Salzburg, San Diego, San Francisco, San José (CA) (begins 5 May 2016), São Paulo–Guarulhos, Seattle/Tacoma, Seoul–Incheon, Shanghai–Pudong, Singapore, Sofia, Stavanger, Stockholm Arlanda, Stuttgart, Sydney, Tel Aviv–Ben Gurion, Tokyo–Haneda, Tokyo–Narita, Toronto–Pearson, Toulouse, Tripoli (suspended), Venice–Marco Polo, Washington–Dulles, Zagreb, Zürich
Seasonal: Corfu, Faro, Kos, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Malaga, Mykonos, Olbia, Santorini, Split
IberiaMadrid
Iberia ExpressLas Palmas de Gran Canaria, Tenerife-North

Ground transport

The transport network around the airport has been extended to cope with the increase in passenger numbers. This has involved widening of the M25 motorway and the construction of new branches of both the Heathrow Express and the London Underground Piccadilly line.

Railway links

Heathrow Express at the station
A 1973 Stock London Underground Piccadilly line train on Platform 6 at Terminal 5
An ULTra personal rapid transit vehicle at the T5 business car park

Terminal 5 is served by the Heathrow Terminal 5 station, which is located beneath the main terminal building, and serves both the London Underground and Heathrow Express rail connections to the terminal. The railway station also has two additional, currently unused, platforms for use by a possible westward railway connection.

Heathrow Express provides an express service to Paddington station in central London, stopping only at Heathrow Central station. Trains run every 15 minutes and the journey time to Paddington is 21 minutes. Premium fares are charged for the service to Paddington. However no fares are charged for the journey to Heathrow Central, which provides access to Terminals 1 to 3, to the Heathrow airport central bus station, and to the Heathrow Connect semi-fast rail service to Paddington. Terminal 4 can be reached by changing trains to the Heathrow Express Shuttle service at Heathrow Central, which is also fare-free for this journey.

The Piccadilly line of the London Underground provides a slower, but considerably cheaper, stopping service to central London, with a journey time of between 45 minutes and one hour depending on exact destination. Trains run every 10 minutes, and provide service to many stations en route to and within central London, with interchange available to the rest of the London Underground network. The Piccadilly line is integrated into the Transport for London fare system.

Terminal 5 is also served by RailAir express buses, which link the terminal's bus station (see below) with Reading station, for rail services to the west, and Woking station, for rail services to the south.

Road links

A dedicated motorway spur has been built from the M25 between junctions 14 and 15 to the terminal. The spur also connects to the airport's perimeter road, and provides direct connections to the frontal building at ground level (for bus station and taxi rank), level 4 (for car parking) and level 5 (for departure set down). The car parking on levels 1 to 3 is accessed from a series of spiral ramps that descend from level 4 to ground level.

Besides the short-stay car parking in front of the main terminal, Terminal 5 is also served by separate business and long-term car parks. These are accessed from the airport's perimeter road and are some distance from the terminal. The long-term car park is linked to the terminal by bus, and the business car park is served by an elevated personal rapid transit system (see below).

The terminal is also connected to Terminals 1, 2 and 3 by the Heathrow Airside Road Tunnel, although, as its name suggests, this is not available for public traffic.

Bus links

The bus and coach station in the frontal building is served by a number of bus and coach services, including long-distance National Express coach service, "The Airline" service running from Oxford, RailAir buses, local public bus services, shuttle buses to airport hotels, long term car parking and car hire lots, and staff shuttle buses.

Because Terminal 5 is close to the boundary of Greater London, some local buses are part of the London Buses network, whilst others are run by operators from outside the London Buses area. As of November 2008, the following local buses serve T5:[26]

* Routes marked with an asterisk are part of the TfL London bus network.

Personal rapid transit system

Further information: London Heathrow Terminal 5 PRT

A 2.4-mile (3.9 km)-long elevated and at grade personal rapid transit system links the business car park nearby and the main Terminal 5A building. The system opened to public usage in May 2011, although its usage was initially described as passenger trials, with full service commencing in September of the same year.[27][28] This system has been designed by Bristol based Advanced Transport Systems to their ULTra design, and the intention is that it will eventually transport passengers around the perimeter fence to Terminals 1, 2 and 3.

References

  1. ↑ "Heathrow facts and figures". Heathrow Airport. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
  2. ↑ Donne, Michael (12 January 1982). "The battle of Heathrow". Financial Times. p. 16.
  3. ↑ "Heathrow Terminal 5". rsh-p.com. Retrieved 2 October 2015.
  4. ↑ Fagan, Mary (13 May 1992). "BAA presses on with Heathrow fifth terminal". The Independent (Newspaper Publishing). p. 5.
  5. ↑ Bray, Roger (17 February 1993). "Plans are ready for huge fifth Heathrow terminal". London Evening Standard. p. 5.
  6. ↑ "Heathrow Terminal 5 Inquiry". Archived from the original on 24 December 2007. Retrieved 2 November 2007.
  7. ↑ "Terminal 5 must have union official on site, says UCATT". Building. 2002. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
  8. ↑ "Archaeology at Heathrow Terminal 5". Framearch.co.uk. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
  9. 1 2 3 "The making of Terminal 5". BAA. Retrieved 3 November 2008.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 "Press Room / Highlights / T5 Heathrow / T5 making off". Grupo Ferrovial. Retrieved 5 November 2008.
  11. ↑ "Queen opens new Heathrow Terminal". BBC. 14 March 2009. Retrieved 14 March 2009.
  12. ↑ "Air travel: Terminal 5 still losing 900 bags every day". The Guardian. 10 July 2008.
  13. ↑ "Baggage halted at new £4.3bn T5". BBC News. 27 March 2008. Retrieved 27 March 2008.
  14. ↑ "28,000 bags caught in T5 foul-up". BBC News. 31 March 2008. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
  15. ↑ "BA postpones long-haul move to T5". BBC News. 11 April 2008. Retrieved 17 May 2008.
  16. ↑ "British Airways reveals what went wrong with Terminal 5". Computer Weekly. 14 May 2008. Retrieved 17 May 2008.
  17. ↑ Mark Sweney (4 August 2008). "'Live' adverts to plug Terminal 5". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
  18. ↑ IEMA Website – Sustainable Construction at Terminal 5. Retrieved 3 December 2008
  19. ↑ "River diversion achieves excellent award one year on". Heathrowairport.com. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
  20. ↑ "Carillion land Heathrow Terminal 5 contract". Builder & Engineer. 11 September 2007. Retrieved 23 August 2013.
  21. ↑ "Terminal 5 C opens". 7 June 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
  22. ↑ "Heathrow Terminal 5: retail destination or gateway to Britain?". Brand Republic. 14 March 2008. Retrieved 28 March 2008.
  23. ↑ Hales-Dutton, Bruce (September–October 2007). "Heathrow Looks Ahead". Airports of the World (Key Publishing Ltd). pp. 28–33.
  24. ↑ Paylor, Anne. "T5 Prepares to Go Live." Air Transport World. 1 March 2008. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
  25. ↑ "Iberia to move to Heathrow T5". Business Traveller. 8 February 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
  26. ↑ "Buses from Heathrow Terminal 5" (PDF). Transport for London. Retrieved 5 November 2008.
  27. ↑ "Heathrow Pod Passenger Trials Begin". ULTra PRT. Retrieved 13 June 2011.
  28. ↑ "Press Release: Heathrow pods transport passengers to the future". ULTra PRT. Retrieved 28 February 2012.

External links

Media related to Heathrow Terminal 5 at Wikimedia Commons
Geographic data related to Heathrow Terminal 5 at OpenStreetMap

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