"Hello, World!" program

C-language "Hello, World" source code. This first known "Hello, world" snippet from the seminal book The C Programming Language originates from Brian Kernighan in the Bell Laboratories in 1974.^[1]

A "Hello World!" program, written in JavaScript and executed in Firefox 31

CNC machining test in Perspex

A "Hello World!" message being displayed through long-exposure light painting with a moving strip of LED lights

A "Hello, World!" program is a computer program that outputs "Hello, World!" on a display device, often standard output. Being a very simple program in most programming languages, it is often used to illustrate the basic syntax for constructing a working program and getting it to run correctly on a computer.

Purpose

A "Hello, world!" program is often used to introduce beginning programmers to a programming language. In general, it is simple enough to be understood easily, especially with the guidance of a teacher or a written guide.

In addition, "Hello world!" can be a useful sanity test to make sure that a language's compiler, development environment, and run-time environment are correctly installed. Configuring a complete programming toolchain from scratch to the point where even trivial programs can be compiled and run can involve substantial amounts of work. For this reason, a simple program is used first when testing a new tool chain.

A "Hello world!" program running on Sony's PlayStation Portable as a proof of concept.

"Hello world!" is also used by computer hackers as a proof of concept that arbitrary code can be executed through an exploit where the system designers did not intend code to be executed—for example, on Sony's PlayStation Portable. This is the first step in using homemade content ("home brew") on such a device.

History

While small test programs existed since the development of programmable computers, the tradition of using the phrase "Hello world!" as a test message was influenced by an example program in the seminal book The C Programming Language. The example program from that book prints "hello, world" (without capital letters or exclamation mark), and was inherited from a 1974 Bell Laboratories internal memorandum by Brian Kernighan, Programming in C: A Tutorial,^[1] which contains the first known version:

#include <stdio.h>

main( ) 
{
        printf("hello, world\n");
}

The C version was adapted from Kernighan's 1972 A Tutorial Introduction to the Language B,^[2] where the first known version of the program is found in an example used to illustrate external variables:

main(){
  extern a,b,c;
  putchar(a); putchar(b); putchar(c); putchar('!*n');
  }

a 'hell';
b 'o, w';
c 'orld';

The program prints "hello, world!" on the terminal, including a newline character. The phrase is divided into multiple variables because in B, a character constant is limited to four ASCII characters. The previous example in the tutorial printed "hi!" on the terminal, so the phrase "hello, world!" was originally introduced as a slightly longer greeting that required several character constants for its expression.

It is also claimed that "hello, world" originated instead with BCPL (1967).^[3]This claim is supported by the archived notes of the inventors of BCPL, Prof. Brian Kernighan at Princeton and Martin Richards at Cambridge.^[4]

For modern languages, the hello world program can vary in sophistication. For example, the Go programming language introduced a multilingual hello world program,^[5] Sun demonstrated a Java hello world based on scalable vector graphics,^[6] and the XL programming language features a spinning Earth hello world using 3D graphics.^[7] While some languages such as Perl, Python or Ruby may need only a single statement to print "hello world", a low-level assembly language may require dozens of commands. Mark Guzdial and Elliot Soloway have suggested that the "hello world" test message may be outdated now that graphics and sound can be manipulated as easily as text.^[8]

Variations

There are many variations on the punctuation and casing of the phrase. Variations include the presence or absence of the comma and exclamation mark, and the capitalization of the 'H', both the 'H' and the 'W', or neither. Some languages are forced to implement different forms, such as "HELLO WORLD!", on systems that support only capital letters, while many "hello world" programs in esoteric languages print out a slightly modified string. For example, the first non-trivial Malbolge program printed "HEllO WORld", this having been determined to be good enough.

There are variations in spirit, as well. Functional programming languages, like Lisp, ML and Haskell, tend to substitute a factorial program for Hello World, as functional programming emphasizes recursive techniques, whereas the original examples emphasize I/O, which violates the spirit of pure functional programming by producing side effects. Languages otherwise capable of Hello World (Assembly, C, VHDL) may also be used in embedded systems, where text output is either difficult (requiring additional components or communication with another computer) or nonexistent. For devices such as microcontrollers, field-programmable gate arrays, and CPLD's, "Hello, World" may thus be substituted with a blinking LED, which demonstrates timing and interaction between components.^{[9][10][11][12][13]}

The Debian and Ubuntu Linux distributions provide the "hello world" program through the apt packaging system; this allows users to simply type "apt-get install hello" for the program to be installed, along with any software dependencies. While of itself useless, it serves as a sanity check and a simple example to newcomers of how to install a package. It is significantly more useful for developers, however, as it provides an example of how to create a .deb package, either traditionally or using debhelper, and the version of hello used, GNU Hello, serves as an example of how to write a GNU program.

See also

• "99 Bottles Of Beer" as used in computer science
• Foobar
• Just another Perl hacker
• List of basic computer science topics
• Trabb Pardo-Knuth algorithm

References

1. "Programming in C: A Tutorial" (PDF).
2. "The Programming Language B" (PDF).
3. BCPL, Jargon File
4. "Stack Overflow".
5. A Tutorial for the Go Programming Language. The Go Programming Language. Retrieved July 26, 2011.
6. Jolif, Christophe (January 2003). "Bringing SVG Power to Java Applications". Sun Developer Network.
7. de Dinechin, Christophe (July 24, 2010). "Hello world!". Grenouille Bouillie.
8. Teaching the Nintendo Generation to Program
9. Silva, Mike (11 September 2013). "Introduction to Microcontrollers - Hello World". EmbeddedRelated.com. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
10. George, Ligo. "Blinking LED using Atmega32 Microcontroller and Atmel Studio". electroSome. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
11. PT, Ranjeeth. "2. AVR Microcontrollers in Linux HOWTO". The Linux Documentation Project. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
12. Andersson, Sven-Åke (2 April 2012). "3.2 The first Altera FPGA design". RTE. Realtime Embedded AB. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
13. Fabio, Adam (6 April 2014). "CPLD Tutorial: Learn programmable logic the easy way". Hackaday. Retrieved 19 May 2015.

External links

• Rösler, Wolfram. "Hello World Collection". helloworldcollection.de.
• "Hello world/Text". Rosetta Code.
• Hosey, Peter. "Hello World, cut four ways: How to write good (and bad) programs". boredzo.org.
• "Unsung Heroes of IT / Part One: Brian Kernighan". TheUnsungHeroesOfIT.com.
• "HelloData: A Simple ADO Application". MSDN. Microsoft.