Helmand and Arghandab Valley Authority

Haji Khan Agha, current director the HAVA
Map of the Helmand River drainage basin including the Arghandab River tributary
The Kajakai Dam on the Helmand River, one of the major dams controlled by the HAVA

The Helmand and Arghandab Valley Authority (HAVA) based in Lashkar Gah, Afghanistan, originally named the Helmand Valley Authority (HVA) until its expansion in 1965,[1] was established on December 4, 1952 as an agency of the Afghan Government.[2] The agency was modelled on the Tennessee Valley Authority in the United States,[3][4][5] with a remit covering lands in the provinces of Kandahar, Girishk, Farah and Herat.[2] As of March 2012 its director is Haji Khan Agha.[6] The HAVA is overseen by the Afghan Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Livestock (previously the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation[7]).

The HAVA was created to manage the economic development of the Helmand and Arghandab valleys, primarily through irrigation and agricultural land development along the Helmand River and the Arghandab River, in a plan which was forecast to be of primary importance to the future economy of Afghanistan.[2] Before the outbreak of conflict in the late 1970s the area irrigated by the HAVA produced a large proportion of Afghanistan's grain and cotton[8] and was a major source of foreign exchange though exports.[9] The area of agricultural land under irrigation more than halved between 1979 and 2002 to around 1,500,000 hectares (5,800 sq mi), although this has since been increased.[10]

Today the irrigation system managed by the HAVA is regarded as one of the country's most important capital resources[11] and vital for maintaining and expanding agricultural production in the region.[12]

Development

The development of the Helmand Valley was initiated by the Government of Afghanistan in 1946.[2] In addition to irrigation and land development it also included elements of flood control and power supply, improvements to farming practices and equipment, health, education and road connections[2] and the resettlement of some 5,500 nomadic and landless families into the area.[1] It focused around irrigation supplied from the waters of the Arghandab (Dahla) Dam, completed in 1952, and the Kajaki Dam on the River Helmand, completed in 1953, which were both constructed by a local subsidiary of Morrison Knudsen[2] the builders of the Hoover Dam. It resulted in one of the world's major desert irrigation schemes,[13] with water supplied through the Boghra, Shamalan, and Darweshan canals.

The project received major loans from the Export-Import Bank of the United States and, although around 20% of all Afghan Government expenditure went into funding the HVA and HAVA during the 1950s and into the 1960s,[2][3] it was generally seen as a US project.[2] It resulted, in the words of historian Arnold J. Toynbee in a piece of America inserted into the Afgan Landscape... The new world they are conjuring up out of the desert at the Helmand River's expense is to be an America-in-Asia.[3]

Government involvement

The US Government was officially involved in the project from 1949 until the Soviet invasion in 1979[1] and between 1949 and 1971 the US financed eight dams on the Helmand River.[14] From 1960 the Agency for International Development and its predecessor, the Technical Cooperation Agency spent $80 million assisting with 25 projects[1] and the HAVA became a showcase for the US foreign aid programme.[9]

The earliest initiatives to build a modern irrigation system in the region began in 1935, with financial support from the Japanese Government though until World War II.[1][15] The German Government had also provided assistance.[1]

Areas irrigated by the HAVA

In Helmand Province, the areas of Nad Ali, Marja, Shamalon, Darweshan, Khanishin, Seraj, Girishk, Sanguin-Kajakai, Musa Qala and Nowzad are all irrigated by the HAVA, as are the areas of Maiwand, Dund-Daman, Arghandab and Panjwayi in Kandahar Province.[1]

Problems

While the development of the Helmand valley resulted in considerable gains in agricultural production and raised average farm incomes tenfold, there have also been problems.[1] In particular, by 1975 over-irrigation and poor drainage had led to waterlogging and salination, seriously damaging the soil in some places.[1] Work to mitigate this was interrupted by the Soviet invasion.[1] Following the overthrow of the Najibullah Government in 1992 and aided by the irrigation, the Helmand valley region has become a major area for the cultivation of the opium poppy, a crop which had been largely suppressed by the HAVA in the 1950s.[16]

Irrigation of the area has also significantly reduced the water flowing from the Helmand River into Lake Hamun and this, together with drought, has been cited as a key reason for the severe damage to the ecology of the lake region, much of which has degenerated since 1999 from a wetland of international importance into salt flats.[10][17]

Recent developments

In 2005 it was reported that, following a USAID-funded project to build six reservoirs in Lashkar Gah, the HAVA would manage the provision of fresh water connections to the city's residents and the collection of the associated fees to keep the system maintained. The city had been without fresh water for the previous 30 years due to the contamination of the Helmand River.[18]

During the Helmand province campaign, the Operation Tethys initiative by the British Royal Engineers 170 (Infrastructure Support) Group led to repairs being carried out to the HAVA's irrigation systems between 2010 and 2012[19] at 30 sites.[20]

During 2011 it was reported that work was being started on a Helmand River Basin Study and Master Plan (HRBMP) to rebuild the capacity of the HAVA[21] with funding from the British Department for International Development.[22]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 (pdf) The Helmand Valley Project in Afghanistan: A.I.D. Evaluation Special Study No. 18 C Clapp-Wicek & E Baldwin, U.S. Agency for International Development, published December 1983
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Report on Development of Helmand Valley, Afghanistan, 1956, Tudor Engineering Company
  3. 1 2 3 Cullather, Nick. "Damming Afghanistan: Modernization in a Buffer State". Journal of American History 89 (2): 512–537. doi:10.2307/3092171.
  4. ↑ BBC - Adam Curtis Blog: Kabul: City Number One - Part 3 BBC, published 2009-10-13
  5. ↑ Reconstruction And Opium Poppy Cultivation in Central Helmand: The Need For An Integrated Program Richard B. Scott, Conference on Afghanistan Reconstruction, University of Nebraska at Omaha, published 2008-10-03
  6. ↑ DVIDS - News - Summit on water conservation brings Afghan provincial leadership to the table
  7. ↑ Report and Recommendation of the President to the Board of Directors on the Proposed Loan and Technical Assistance to the Republic of Afghanistan for the Kajakai Gales Project in Afghanistan Asian Development Bank, published 1974-11-12
  8. ↑ Haack, Barry (1997). "Afghanistan irrigation system assessment using remote sensing". AIP Conf. Proc. 387: 195–202. doi:10.1063/1.52116.
  9. 1 2 Geology, Water, and Wind in the Lower Helmand Basin, Southern Afghanistan, Scientific Investigations Report 2006–5182; John W. Whitney; U.S. Department of the Interior & U.S. Geological Survey; published 2006
  10. 1 2 Making the Most of Afghanistan’s River Basins: Opportunities for Regional Cooperation, Matthew King & Benjamin Sturtewagen, EastWest Institute, published 2010, accessed 2012-05-11
  11. ↑ Haack, Barry; Wolf, James; English, Richard (1998). "Remote sensing change detection of irrigated agriculture in Afghanistan". Geocarto International 13 (2): 65–75. doi:10.1080/10106049809354643.
  12. ↑ Helmand Annual Review 2010 Helmand Provincial Reconstruction Team, Regional Command (South West) and the Regional Platform (South West), published 2011-03-12
  13. ↑ 1970 Farm Economic Survey: Helmand and Arghandab Valleys of Afghanistan G.P. Owens, USAID/Universityu of Wyoming Contract Team, published 1971-12-15
  14. ↑ Introduction to Geographical Hydrology: Spatial Aspects of the Interactions Between Water Occurrence and Human Activity, Richard Chorley (editor), Taylor & Francis, ISBN 9780416688306, published 1971
  15. ↑ Helmand-Arghandab Valley Irrigation System - A Change Assessment: 1973 - 1990 Development Alternatives Inc & Earth Satellite Corporation, published February 1993
  16. ↑ Afghanistan's drug industry: Structure, functioning, dynamics and implications for counter-narcotics policy UN Office on Drugs and Crime & The World Bank, published 2006-11-28
  17. ↑ Weier, John (3 December 2002), From Wetland to Wasteland; Destruction of the Hamoun Oasis, NASA Earth Observatory, retrieved 11 May 2012 External link in |publisher= (help)
  18. ↑ USAID Field Report Afghanistan Feb 2005 ReliefWeb
  19. ↑ Geological Society - Operation Tethys Geoscientist 21.06 July 2011
  20. ↑ Troops help to eliminate Afghan poppies Yorkshire Post, published 2012-03-18
  21. ↑ House of Commons - Defence Committee - Written Evidence prepared 2011-07-17
  22. ↑ Stabilisation Case Study: Infrastructure in Helmand, Afghanistan (Experiences from Helmand 2008-2010) Department for International Development

Further reading

External links

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