Henry Gosnold

Henry Gosnold, or Gosnell (c.1560 – c.1655) was an English-born lawyer who spent most of a very long life in Ireland. He sat in the Irish House of Commons and held office as Chief Justice of Munster and Deputy Admiralty judge.^[1] He is now mainly remembered for his friendship with Francis Bacon; he was also famous in his own lifetime for his wit, of which only a few examples survive.

Early career

Francis Bacon at 18, around the time his friendship with Gosnold began.

He was the son of John Gosnold, a member of the well-known Gosnold family of Otley, Suffolk and his wife Katherine Kinellmarsh; the explorer Bartholomew Gosnold was his cousin. Henry went to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he matriculated in 1577, and Staple Inn; he entered Gray's Inn in 1581.^[2] As a student he had a reputation for wit, and it may have been this which earned him the friendship of Francis Bacon, (who may also have been a distant relative).^[3] The closeness between the two men continued after their student days; in July 1592 they visited Twickenham together, and the friendship survived Henry's departure to Ireland in 1594.^[4]

At least one of his jokes (perhaps for modern taste a rather laboured one) survives, concerning Bacon's determined but ultimately unsuccessful battle to persuade Elizabeth I to appoint him, rather than Sir Edward Coke, as Attorney General. Gosnold quipped: "if it please her Majesty, the Bacon may be too hard for the Cook (Coke)"."^[5]

In Ireland

Gosnell first went to Ireland as secretary to Lord Russell, the Lord Deputy of Ireland, a post for which Bacon (whose aunt Elizabeth Cooke was married to Russell's brother John) probably recommended him.^[6] He wrote to Bacon about the expedition to relieve Enniskillen Castle, which was under siege (this was one of the first military actions of the Nine Years War), and gave his first impressions of the country. Unlike some English settlers of the time he found the Irish climate agreeable, praising "the clemency of the air and the healthiness of the soil", but he disliked the Irish people: "for cruelty and beggary I would never wish (to be in) a worse place".^[7]

Judge in Munster

In 1596 he became Attorney General for the Province of Munster. Promotion in the Provincial Court of Munster usually involved a progression from the office of Attorney General to that of Second Justice and then to Chief Justice. Henry duly followed this path, becoming Second Justice in 1608 and Chief Justice in 1624. He was also the Admiralty judge for the province for much of his judicial career; but alternated in that office with his West Cork neighbour Sir Robert Travers, despite frequent complaints, even from the Crown itself, about Travers's corruption, which led to repeated demands for his removal from office^[8] Until 1635 Munster was the only regional Admiralty court: its judge acted as Deputy for the Lord Chancellor of Ireland.^[9]

Earl of Essex

Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, Gosnold's first patron.

Gosnold, like Francis Bacon, was a protégé of Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, to whom he was distantly related, and during Essex's time in Ireland was in regular attendance on him. Essex's return to England, and subsequent downfall, were deeply troubling for Gosnold: he wrote anxiously to Essex in November 1599 about the rumours of his disgrace, which he trusted (wrongly) would prove unfounded.^[10]

Politics

After the downfall and death of Essex in 1601, Gosnold, like most of the prominent men of Munster, became a client of the "Great Earl", Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork. Lord Cork built up a political empire in County Cork by the foundation of new towns, which became Parliamentary boroughs returning his own nominees to the Irish Parliament. Gosnold, together with his Chief Justice Sir Edward Harris, sat in the Parliament of 1613-5 as MP for Clonakilty. His closest Irish links were with Bandon, another of the new towns of Cork, of which he was a burgess in 1612.^[11]

Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork, Gosnold's later patron.

Admiralty judge

As Admiralty judge in the 1620s he clashed repeatedly with Henry De Laune, the French-born Vice-Admiral for Munster.^[12] De Laune objected to Gosnold's insistence that all goods seized from pirate vessels be subjected to the proper judicial process, and complained of the meanness of his awards; Gosnold in return accused De Laune of corruptly keeping the prize goods for himself. By the lax standards of the age Gosnold, in contrast to his notoriously corrupt rival Sir Robert Travers, was an honest official: he did inquire in the 1630s if he could keep the fines he imposed for his own profit, but dutifully complied with an instruction from the Crown that this would be improper.^[13]

Last years

He continued in office as Admiralty judge into the early 1640s,^[14] but during the Irish Rebellion of 1641 he was unable to exercise any real power. Like many landowners in Munster, notably Lord Cork's sons, he suffered heavy losses as a result of the Rebellion, and in 1646 he petitioned the English Parliament for redress, pleading that he was more than 80 years old and in acute financial distress. The Provincial Court of Munster was abolished in 1655. Gosnold, who is known to have reached "a great age", may still have been alive at the time, but he was probably dead by 1658.

Family

He was married twice: his first wife was called Willingford, and his second wife was called Fenton (she may have been a relative of Lord Cork's second wife Catherine Fenton). He had several children, of whom at least two, John and Rachel, survived to adulthood. His descendants were mostly associated with Skibereen, and usually spelt the family name Gosnell or Gosling.^[15]

References

1. Costello, Kevin The Irish Court of Admiralty 1575-1839 Four Courts Press Dublin 2011 p.15
2. Alumni Cantabrigienses Vol.1 p.242
3. Jardine, L and Stewart, A. Hostage to Fortune- the troubled life of Francis Bacon New York 1999 p.140
4. Nichols, John The Progresses and Public Processions of Queen Elizabeth I Reissued by Oxford University Press 2014 Vol.3 p.599
5. Green, Dominic The Double life of Doctor Lopez Century London 2004 p.265
6. Birch, Thomas Memoirs of the Reign of Queen Elizabeth I from the year 1581 till her death London 1754 p.184
7. Birch p.184
8. Costello p.15
9. Costello p.15
10. Calendar of the Cecil Papers in Hatfield House Vol.9 pp.385-402
11. Costello p.15
12. Costello p.15
13. Costello p.15
14. Costello p.15
15. MacLysaght, Edward The Surnames of Ireland Irish University Press 1973 p. 133