Henry I, Landgrave of Hesse

Henry I
Landgrave of Hesse
Spouse(s)	Adelheid of Brunswick-Lüneburg Mechthild of Cleves
Issue Sophia Henry the Younger Matilda Adelheid Elisabeth Otto I, Landgrave of Hesse John, Landgrave of Hesse Elisabeth Agnes Louis Elisabeth Katharina Jutta
Detail Titles and styles The Landgrave of Hesse
Noble family	Hesse (founder) Reginar
Father	Henry II, Duke of Brabant
Mother	Sophie of Thuringia
Born	24 June 1244
Died	21 December 1308 Marburg

Henry I of Hesse "the Child" (German: Heinrich das Kind) (24 June 1244 – 21 December 1308) was the first Landgrave of Hesse. He was the son of Henry II, Duke of Brabant and Sophie of Thuringia.

Life

In 1247, as Heinrich Raspe, Landgrave of Thuringia, died without issue, conflict arose about the future of Thuringia and Hesse. The succession was disputed between Heinrich Raspe's nephew and his niece: Sophie was the daughter of Heinrich Raspe's brother Ludwig IV and claimed the territories on behalf of her son Henry, while Henry the Illustrious, margrave of Meissen, was the son of Heinrich Raspe's sister Jutta. Another competitor were the Archbishops of Mainz, who could claim Hesse was a fiefdom of the Archbishop and now, after the extinction of the Ludowingians, demanded its return to them. Sophia, supported by the Hessian nobility, succeeded in retaining Hesse against her cousin, who in 1264 accepted the division of the Ludowingian inheritance: Henry of Meissen received Thuringia, while Sophia's son Heinrich would inherit Hesse. In the following year, the Archbishop Werner II von Eppenstein acceeded to this outcome in the Treaty of Langsdorf, accepting Henry as his liege-man and Landgrave of Hesse.

At this time, the landgraviate of Hesse consisted of the region between Wolfhagen, Zierenberg, Eschwege, Alsfeld, Grünberg, Frankenberg and Biedenkopf. In the same year, Henry acquired a part of the county of Gleiberg with Gießen from the Counts palatine of Tübingen. The landgraviate was centred on the towns of Kassel, where Henry took up his residence since 1277, and Marburg, where his grandmother Saint Elisabeth was buried and where Henry built the Castle Marburg.

Henry again got into conflict with his liege-lord, the Archbishop, about the possession of Naumburg. On behalf of the Archbishop, Henry was outlawed in 1274 by King Rudolf I of Habsburg, but after Henry had supported Rudolph in the war against Otakar II of Bohemia and had helped to conquer Vienna 1276, Rudolph reinstated Henry. In 1290 Henry defeated the Archbishop in the battle of Fritzlar and could henceforth maintain his territory.

Though Henry never relinquished his own claim on Brabant, he supported his nephew John of Brabant against Guelders and Luxembourg in the Limburg succession war.

On 12 May 1292, Henry was made a Reichsfürst (prince of the realm) by King Adolf of Nassau, freeing Hesse of the supremacy of the Archbishop of Mainz. Henry was bestowed with Eschwege and the Boyneburg (with Sontra), stengthening his position in Hesse. By skillful diplomacy he gained the cities of Sooden-Allendorf, Kaufungen, Witzenhausen, Immenhausen, Grebenstein, Wanfried, Staufenberg, Trendelburg and Reinhardswald.

In 1263 Henry had married Adelheid of Brunswick, daughter of Duke Otto of Brunswick, who bore him four daughters and the sons Henry ("the Younger") and Otto. After Adelheid's death in 1274, Henry had married Mechthild, daughter of Dietrich VI, Count of Cleves, who bore him another four daughters and the sons John and Louis.

In 1292 internal conflict arose about the question of Henry's successor. Mechthild of Cleves demanded on her sons receiving a share of the heritage, while Henry and Otto, Henry's sons by his first wife, insisted on excluding their stepbrothers from the inheritance. This led to civil war lasting throughout the rest of Henry's lifetime.

Henry died in Marburg during the conflict, and was buried there in St. Elisabeth's Church, which became the gravesite of the succeeding Landgraves for several more centuries. After his death, the inheritance was divided between Otto, who received Upper Hesse (Oberhessen) around Marburg, and John, who received Lower Hesse (Niederhessen), centred on Kassel. John's younger brother Ludwig had entered the clergy and became bishop of Münster in 1310.

Children

First marriage (1263) to Adelheid, daughter of Otto I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1244–1274)

1. Sophia (1264–after 12 August 1331), married 1276 to Count Otto I of Waldeck.
2. Henry the Younger (1265–23 August 1298), married in 1290 to Agnes of Bavaria, Margravine of Brandenburg-Stendal.
3. Matilda (1267–after 1332), married to:
   1. 1283 Count Gottfried of Ziegenhain;
   2. after 11 October 1309 Philipp III of Falkenstein-Münzenberg.
4. Adelheid (1268–7 December 1315), married 1284 to Count Bertold VII of Henneberg-Schleusingen.
5. Elisabeth (1269/70–19 February 1293), married ca. 1287 to Count Johann of Sayn.
6. an unnamed son (ca. 1270–ca. 1274).
7. Otto (ca 1272–17 January 1328).

Second marriage (1276) to Mechthild of Cleves,

1. John (d. 1311, Kassel).
2. Elisabeth (ca. 1276–after 6 July 1306), married to
   1. 1290 Duke William of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel;
   2. 1294 Gerhard of Eppstein.
3. Agnes (ca. 1277–1335), married to Burgrave John I of Nuremberg.
4. Louis (1282/83–18 August 1357), Bishop of Münster in 1310-57.
5. Elisabeth (d. after 30 October 1308), married in 1299 to Count Albert II of Gorizia.
6. Katharina (d. 1322), married to Count Otto IV of Orlamünde.
7. Jutta (d. 13 October 1317), married 1311 to Duke Otto of Braunschweig-Göttingen.

Ancestry

Ancestors of Henry I, Landgrave of Hesse

16. Godfrey II of Leuven               8. Godfrey III of Leuven                       17. Lutgarde of Sulzbach               4. Henry I, Duke of Brabant                             18. Henry II of Limburg               9. Margaret of Limburg                       19. Mathilde of Saffenburg               2. Henry II, Duke of Brabant                                   20. Thierry, Count of Flanders               10. Matthew, Count of Boulogne                       21. Sibylla of Anjou               5. Mathilde of Boulogne                             22. Stephen of England               11. Marie I, Countess of Boulogne                       23. Matilda of Boulogne               1. Henry I, Landgrave of Hesse                                         24. Louis II, Landgrave of Thuringia               12. Hermann I, Landgrave of Thuringia                       25. Judith of Hohenstaufen               6. Louis IV, Landgrave of Thuringia                             26. Otto I of Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria               13. Sophia of Wittelsbach                       27. Agnes of Loon               3. Sophie of Thuringia                                   28. Béla III of Hungary               14. Andrew II of Hungary                       29. Agnes of Antioch               7. Elisabeth of Hungary                             30. Berthold IV, Duke of Merania               15. Gertrude of Merania                       31. Agnes of Rochlitz

External links

• Wikisource: Allgemeine Deutsch Biographie "Heinrich I. (Landgraf von Hessen)" (in German)
• Family Tree of Landgraves of Hesse (German)