Henry of Saxe-Lauenburg

Henry of Saxe-Lauenburg
Henry of Saxe-Lauenburg (1550-1585) as Prince-Bishop Henry II in the gallery of the bishop of Osnabrück at Iburg Castle
Spouse(s)	Anna Betzdorf
Noble family	House of Ascania
Father	Francis I, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg
Mother	Sibylle of Saxony
Born	1 November 1550
Died	22 April 1585 (aged 34) Vörde
Occupation	Canon, Administrator

Henry of Saxe-Lauenburg (German: Heinrich von Sachsen-Lauenburg; 1 November 1550 – 22 April 1585, Vörde) was a Prince-Archbishop of Bremen (as Henry III), then Prince-Bishop of Osnabrück (as Henry II), then Prince-Bishop of Paderborn (as Henry IV).

Life

Early years

Henry was a member of the House of Ascania, Saxe-Lauenburg line. He was the third son of Duke Francis I of Saxe-Lauenburg (1543–1581) and is wife Sibylle of Saxony, who had both converted to Lutheranism.^[1] Henry was raised Lutheran. At the age of ten, he was promised a prebend as canon (German: Domherr) at the cathedral chapter at Cologne. Since 1564 he studied at the University of Cologne under law professor Dr. Conrad Betzdorf, who housed him and his brother Frederick and was their mentor.^[2]

The schism was not yet so definite, as it looks in the retrospect. The Holy See who, at the time was no-longer related to the original Charlemagne dynasty that had set up the churches and acted as protectors of God, had tried to enforce changes to the church and a grab for lands that did not belong to him. You see, the reformation was not about changing the original church of God as supported by Luther, it was about stopping the changes that the Church in Italy that was now in possession of usurpers the Lombards, who insisted on integrating the old gods and old was into the church, by making priests celibate (even though God states it is not good for men to be alone) and started witch burnings and interogrations using psychiatric practices to punish their opposition with poisoning and torture techniques. Henry was against these inhumane practices, and so where all the original Charlemagne descendants, the nobility and royal rulers of the lands of Europe, who had carried on Charlemagne's human rights laws, that all men and women shall be deemed free (including freedom of religion). While his youth is recorded as wild, he is recalled as a quiet student.^[2] During his studies in Cologne Henry came to know and love Anna von Broich (Borch), who lived as foster child with Betzdorf, since her parents, Cologne's Burgomaster Heinrich von Broich and his wife Ursula, had perished in the plague in 1553.^[2] In 1565 he received the prebend and in the following year he advanced to canonicate.^[2]

In 1524 the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen had subjected the autonomous farmers' republic of the Land of Wursten, but the Wursteners still hoped for a liberation and support from the neighbouring Saxe-Lauenburgian exclave of the Land of Hadeln.^[3] So the enfranchised capitular canons, which were mostly Lutherans since the Reformation, of Bremen Cathedral and Hamburg Cathedral chapter (with only three votes) elected Henry of Saxe-Lauenburg archbishop on 17 February 1567. Since his predecessor Prince-Archbishop George had no coadjutor, an office usually entailing the succession to the see, several dynasts applied for sons of their houses.^[4] Henry's election included a deal stipulated with Henry's father Francis I, who waived any Saxe-Lauenburgian claim to the Land of Wursten, earlier raised by his father Magnus I, as well as to the bailiwick of Bederkesa and Elmlohe, de facto held by Bremen city and abandoned the lawsuit, which Francis had brought to the Imperial Chamber Court to this end.^[2][3]

In his election capitulation (Wahlkapitulation) Henry covenanted to accept the privileges of the Estates of the Prince-Archbishopric (Stiftsstände) and the existing laws.^[3] Due to his minority he agreed, that Chapter and Estates would rule the Prince-Archbishopric until coming of age, paying him an annual appanage of 500 rixdollars.^[5] For the time being Henry was supposed to work towards his papal confirmation as archbishop.

Administrator of Bremen

Henry de facto assumed regency in 1569, lacking any papal confirmation.^[2] He still had to repay debts from his pre-predecessor Prince-Archbishop Christopher the Spendthrift^[6] Henry continued George's financial assanation and developed for a better financial control the budgeting for the prince-archiepicopal expenditures.^[7] While Pope Pius V remained sceptic as to Henry's faith, Emperor Maximilian II regarded Henry a true Catholic, putting in a good word for Henry.^[5] Thus Maximilian granted Henry an imperial liege indult (Lehnsindult) in 1570, investing him with the princely regalia for the prince-archbishopric although he still lacked the papal confirmation.^[2]

Therefore Henry never officially functioned as archbishop, but as princely Administrator of the Prince-Archbishopric, however, he was nevertheless colloquially referred to as prince-archbishop. Henry always observed the Roman Catholic formalities for the episcopal consecration, although he never wanted to be a Catholic bishop. The All Saints' Flood of November 1 and 2, 1570 inflicted terrible hardship in the Bremian Elbe Marshes.^[7]

In 1571 Henry started a campaign against brigandage.^[7] Through all his episcopate the Popes Pius V and Gregory XIII as well as the Emperors Maximilian II and Rudolph II tested Henry's obedience once in a while, demanding the succession of Catholic candidates for vacancies in the Bremian Cathedral Chapter - which it sometimes accepted, sometimes denied.^[8] In 1567 the Holy See failed to replace the late Canon Christoph of East Frisia with the Catholic Wilhelm Quadt of Landskorn.^[5] Two years later Pius V prevailed with the Catholic Jodocus von Galen succeeding the Lutheran Canon Hermann Clüvers.^[5] In 1570 Pius ordered Henry to promote Verden's Catholic Cathedral Dean Nikolaus von Hemeling as Bremian cathedral provost (Dompropst), a function including the presidency of the chapter, while Maximilian demanded – using his privilege of presentation – Georg Rudell.^[8] However, the capitular canons then elected Henry's brother Frederick, succeeding the late Ludwig von Varendorf. After Frederick's death Gregory XIII demanded succession for the Catholic Theodor von Galen, and prevailed.^[8]

The chapter fulfilled the religious functions as in case of sede vacante until 26 September 1580, in order not to complicate a papal confirmation, which, however, never materialised.^[2] Henry then postponed his efforts to be recognised by Rome.^[5] The Pope succeeded to get a third Catholic canon elected into the else Lutheran chapter, Ahasver von Langen, later Provost of Zeven nunnery between 1601–1603, but these three never formed a Catholic opposition within the chapter.^[8]

Administrator of Osnabrück

On 23 May 1574 the cathedral chapter of Osnabrück elected Henry Bishop Henry II, as such lacking papal confirmation and imperial liege indult to rule the prince-bishopric.^[2][8] When the Osnabrück chapter appointed Henry administrator of the prince-bishopric, Henry swore to protect Catholic faith and to maintain peace between the denominations.^[8] The papal order not to appoint Henry administrator arrived in Osnabrück only days after his investiture, so that Henry celebrated his festive entering in the prince-bishopric in June 1574.^[8] In late 1574, the nuncio to Cologne, Kaspar Gropper, also professor at Cologne University, presented a protocol which evaluated the conditions for Henry's election in Münster and Osnabrück according to Canon Law. For Rome the recognition of Henry's election as bishop was not acceptable.

His reign in Osnabrück is overshadowed by numerous witch burnings.^[7] But he also completed the prince-episcopal Fürstenau Castle, started by his predecessor John of Hoya, while the started construction of a residential castle in Osnabrück ended with Henry's sudden death.^[7] Henry also ran for the episcopal elections of Münster in 1575, 1577 and 1580, but failed narrowly.^[2] The Catholic opposition played no relevant role in Osnabrück.^[6]

Marriage

Henry's crest at Burghagen Castle in Hagen im Bremischen, showing the coats of arms of the House of Ascania (upper left and lower right field, upper and lower mid: Count of Brehna, upper right and lower left: Count Palatine of Saxony, middle fields: prince-bishop of Osnabrück, Bremen, and Paderborn (l. to r.).

On 25 October 1575, Court Preacher Hermann Gade married Henry and Anna of Broich (also known as Betzdorf) secretly in the chapel of Burghagen Castle in Hagen im Bremischen.^[2][9] She was supposedly the biological daughter of his mentor, professor Betzdorf in Cologne. Bremen's cathedral chapter approved the wedding, violating Henry's election capitulation, but ordered that future administrators were not to marry.^[2] As reason for the marriage, he wrote into the wedding book that he did not possess the gift of chastity. The plague befell the prince-archbishopric in 1575.^[7] The year after Henry prompted the renovation of the Vörde hospital and infirmary founded by Prince-Archbishop Johann Rode, as he generally promoted the development of his residential town.^[7]

Regent of Hadeln

Since 1576, in anticipation of the inheritance of the Land of Hadeln, Henry served as regent of that Saxe-Lauenburgian exclave, consented by Emperor Rudolph II.^[7] In return Henry paid his indebted father a compensation and assumed his debts with the Counts of Oldenburg.^[7] After his father's death in 1581 Henry inherited Hadeln and used the opportunity to renew its Church Order (Lutheran church constitution), first issued in 1526.^[7] The publication of the Estates Laws of Hadeln (Hadler Landrecht, 1583), the compilation of which his father Francis had begun, fell into Henry's regency.^[10] His brother Francis II disputed Henry as heir, but could not prevail.^[7]

Administrator of Paderborn

In 1577 Pope Gregory XIII announced to excommunicate every capitular canon, who would dare to vote for Henry as administrator.^[7] Bremen's cathedral chapter recommended Paderborn's capitulars to elect him bishop there.^[8] The cathedral chapter then ignored the papal threat and elected Henry Bishop of Paderborn, as Henry IV, on 14 October 1577.^[2] Papal confirmation and liege indult were again denied.^[2] As Paderborn's elect Henry chose the motto: "Gott ist mir Anfang und Ende" (God is beginning and end to me).^[2] In 1578, Henry ostentatively entered Paderborn accompanied by his wife.^[6] The Catholic opposition, forming in Paderborn, troubled Henry's reign there, he failed to expel the Jesuits and Nuncio to Cologne, Giovanni Francesco Bonomi, even considered his impeachment.^[6]

Arbitration of conflicts

During the warlike conflict between his brother Magnus and his father Francis I and other brothers Francis II, and Maurice, Henry functioned as arbiter.^[7] In 1581 – shortly before Francis I's death – Henry, his father, and Rudolph II consulted, unconcerted with Magnus and Maurice, concluding that Francis I made his third son Francis II, whom he considered the ablest, his sole successor, violating the rules of primogeniture in Saxe-Lauenburg.^[11] The emperor esteemed his skills and thus charged Henry with arbitrations in lawsuits at the Imperial Chamber Court and the Aulic Council.^[7]

Last years

In 1577 he codified the laws of the Bremian knightage (Bremisches Ritterrecht) and decreed a prince-archiepiscopal police ordinance.^[7] In the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen Henry introduced a Lutheran Church Order in 1580 and the Vörde Church Constitution (Vörder Kirchenordnung) in 1582.^[6] In order to improve the Lutheran pastoring he introduced regular visitations in the parishes.^[6] Thus Henry adopted pastoral functions as a Lutheran in all the Prince-Archbishopric, also in its northeastern part, which belonged in ecclesiastical respect to the Verden See, held by Administrator Eberhard of Holle. Henry urged the Altkloster nunnery (part of today's Buxtehude) to accept the Lutheran Christoph von der Hude as their provost, however, the steadfastly Catholic nuns refused.^[12] In reaction to this development the Holy See founded the Roman Catholic Nordic Missions, an endeavour for pastoral care and mission in the area of the de facto ceased archdioceses of Bremen and of Lund.^[13] In 1581 Henry prompted a new Court Procedures Code for the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen.^[2][14]

Henry had consulted his brother Francis II in developing the Church Order for the Lutheran church of Saxe-Lauenburg, which Francis decreed in 1585.^[15] In 1581 his father died in Buxtehude, a town under Henry's prince-archiepiscopal rule, also his mother and brother Maurice settled and later died there in 1592 and 1612, respectively. On Palm Sunday, 8 April 1585, after a Lutheran church service in Vörde, riding home Henry met with an equestrian accident, his horse baulked and pitched him.^[16] In his residence Vörde Castle he died of his injuries on April 22.^[9] On May 21 he was buried in Vörde's Palace Church, his grave was destroyed when the church was demolished in 1682.^[16] While in Bremen, the Catholic cause was lost forever, Henry's unexpected death led to a success for the Counter Reformation in Paderborn.

His widow inherited several estates, among them Beverstedtermühlen, which she successfully extended into a Vorwerk.^[16] However, her brother-in-law Francis II blamed her to have caused Henry's early death.^[16] Francis, after quarreling with Maurice, reacquired the Land of Hadeln for Saxe-Lauenburg.

Bremian Landdroste during Henry's reign

The chief executive of the prince-archiepiscopal government was the landdrost. During Henry's reign two landdroste officiated.

• 1561–1580: Jobst Behr (d. before 27 October 1582)
• 1580–1583: vacancy
• 1583–1585: Joist Friese (aka Jobst Frese), since 1580 per pro

Dates and names following Schleif:^[17]

Ancestry

Ancestors of Henry of Saxe-Lauenburg

16. Bernard II, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg               8. John V, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg                       17. Adelheid of Pomerania-Stolp               4. Magnus I, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg                             18. Frederick II Irontooth, Elector of Brandenburg               9. Dorothea of Brandenburg                       19. Catherine of Saxony               2. Francis I, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg                                   20. William IV, Duke of Brunswick and Lunenburg (Wolfenbüttel)               10. Henry IV, Duke of Brunswick and Lunenburg (Wolfenbüttel)                       21. Elisabeth of Stolberg-Wernigerode               5. Catherine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel                             22. Eric II, Duke of Pomerania-Wolgast (=#30)               11. Catherine of Pomerania-Wolgast                       23. Sophia of Pomerania-Stolp (=#31)               1. Henry of Saxe-Lauenburg                                         24. Frederick II the Gentle, Elector of Saxony               12. Albert, Duke of Saxony                       25. Margarete of Austria               6. Henry IV the Pious, Duke of Saxony                             26. George of Poděbrady               13. Sidonie Podiebrad                       27. Kunigunde of Sternberg               3. Sybille of Saxe-Freiberg                                   28. Henry IV the Fat, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin               14. Magnus II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin                       29. Dorothea of Brandenburg               7. Catherine of Mecklenburg-Schwerin                             30. Eric II, Duke of Pomerania-Wolgast (=#22)               15. Sophia of Pomerania-Wolgast                       31. Sophia of Pomerania-Stolp (=#23)

References

• Hans Jürgen Brandt: Die Bischöfe und Erzbischöfe von Paderborn, Paderborn, 1984, ISBN 3-87088-381-2; pp. 218–220.
• Jörg Hillmann, "Heinrich (III.), Herzog von Sachsen-Lauenburg", in: Lebensläufe zwischen Elbe und Weser: Ein biographisches Lexikon, Brage bei der Wieden and Jan Lokers (eds.) on behalf of the Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 2002, (=Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vol. 16), pp. 127–131. ISBN 3-931879-08-9.
• Karl Ernst Hermann Krause (1880), "Heinrich III. (Erzbischof von Bremen)", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB) (in German) 11, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 506–507
• Matthias Nistal, "Die Zeit der Reformation und der Gegenreformation und die Anfänge des Dreißigjährigen Krieges (1511–1632)", in: Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser: 3 vols., Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.), Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, vol. I 'Vor- und Frühgeschichte' (1995; ISBN 978-3-9801919-7-5), vol. II 'Mittelalter (einschl. Kunstgeschichte)' (1995; ISBN 978-3-9801919-8-2), vol. III 'Neuzeit' (2008; ISBN 978-3-9801919-9-9), (=Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vols. 7–9), vol. III: pp. 1–171.
• Hans Wohltmann (1969), "Heinrich III. Herzog von Sachsen-Lauenburg", Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB) (in German) 8, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, p. 354

Notes

1. Jörg Hillmann, "Heinrich (III.), Herzog von Sachsen-Lauenburg", in: see references for bibliographical details, pp. 127–131, here p. 127. ISBN 3-931879-08-9.
2. Jörg Hillmann, "Heinrich (III.), Herzog von Sachsen-Lauenburg", in: see references for bibliographical details, pp. 127–131, here p. 128. ISBN 3-931879-08-9.
3. Matthias Nistal, "Die Zeit der Reformation und der Gegenreformation und die Anfänge des Dreißigjährigen Krieges (1511–1632)", in: see references for bibliographical details, vol. III: pp. 1-171, here 58. ISBN 978-3-9801919-9-9.
4. To wit the Guelphic Henry V the Younger, Duke of Brunswick and Lunenburg, Prince of Wolfenbüttel applied for his son Julius, Eric V, Count of Hoya, until 1563 himself canon in Bremen, applied for his younger brother Otto, a canon of Cologne and Verden, Ulrich, Duke of Mecklenburg and Augustus I, Elector of Saxony again proposed their favourites. Cf. Matthias Nistal, "Die Zeit der Reformation und der Gegenreformation und die Anfänge des Dreißigjährigen Krieges (1511–1632)", in: see references for bibliographical details, vol. III: pp. 1-171, here 58. ISBN 978-3-9801919-9-9.
5. Matthias Nistal, "Die Zeit der Reformation und der Gegenreformation und die Anfänge des Dreißigjährigen Krieges (1511–1632)", in: see references for bibliographical details, vol. III: pp. 1-171, here 59. ISBN 978-3-9801919-9-9.
6. Matthias Nistal, "Die Zeit der Reformation und der Gegenreformation und die Anfänge des Dreißigjährigen Krieges (1511–1632)", in: see references for bibliographical details, vol. III: pp. 1-171, here 61. ISBN 978-3-9801919-9-9.
7. Jörg Hillmann, "Heinrich (III.), Herzog von Sachsen-Lauenburg", in: see references for bibliographical details, pp. 127–131, here p. 129. ISBN 3-931879-08-9.
8. Matthias Nistal, "Die Zeit der Reformation und der Gegenreformation und die Anfänge des Dreißigjährigen Krieges (1511–1632)", in: see references for bibliographical details, vol. III: pp. 1-171, here 60. ISBN 978-3-9801919-9-9.
9. Hans Wohltmann, "Heinrich III. Herzog von Sachsen-Lauenburg", in: Neue Deutsche Biographie, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1969, vol. 8, p. 354.
10. Elke Freifrau von Boeselager, "Das Land Hadeln bis zum Beginn der frühen Neuzeit", in: Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser: 3 vols., Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.), Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, vol. I 'Vor- und Frühgeschichte' (1995; ISBN 978-3-9801919-7-5), vol. II 'Mittelalter (einschl. Kunstgeschichte)' (1995; ISBN 978-3-9801919-8-2), vol. III 'Neuzeit' (2008; ISBN 978-3-9801919-9-9), (=Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vols. 7–9), vol. II: pp. 321-388, here 336.
11. Cordula Bornefeld, "Die Herzöge von Sachsen-Lauenburg", in: Die Fürsten des Landes: Herzöge und Grafen von Schleswig, Holstein und Lauenburg [De slevigske hertuger; German], Carsten Porskrog Rasmussen (ed.) on behalf of the Gesellschaft für Schleswig-Holsteinische Geschichte, Neumünster: Wachholtz, 2008, pp. 373-389, here p. 380. ISBN 978-3-529-02606-5
12. Matthias Nistal, "Die Zeit der Reformation und der Gegenreformation und die Anfänge des Dreißigjährigen Krieges (1511–1632)", in: see references for bibliographical details, vol. III: pp. 1-171, here 75. ISBN 978-3-9801919-9-9.
13. In 1622 the Nordic Missions were subordinated to the Congregatio de Propaganda Fide in Rome. The Holy See conveyed to the Nuncio to Cologne, Pietro Francesco Montoro, the task to look after the Nordic Missions in - among others - the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen and the Prince-Bishopric of Verden. In 1667 the Holy See further institutionalised the Nordic Missions by establishing the Vicariate Apostolic of the Northern Missions.
14. Cf. the Hofgerichtsordnung, published by Friedrich Esaias Pufendorf, Friderici Esaiae a Pufendorf Observationes Juris Universi: quibus praecipue res Judicatae Summi Tribunalis Regii et Electoralis continentur (Observationes Juris Universi): 4 vols., Hanover: Helwing, 1770-1782, vol. 3 (1782), appendix 1.
15. Cordula Bornefeld, "Die Herzöge von Sachsen-Lauenburg", in: Die Fürsten des Landes: Herzöge und Grafen von Schleswig, Holstein und Lauenburg [De slevigske hertuger; German], Carsten Porskrog Rasmussen (ed.) on behalf of the Gesellschaft für Schleswig-Holsteinische Geschichte, Neumünster: Wachholtz, 2008, pp. 373-389, here p. 379. ISBN 978-3-529-02606-5
16. Jörg Hillmann, "Heinrich (III.), Herzog von Sachsen-Lauenburg", in: see references for bibliographical details, pp. 127–131, here p. 130. ISBN 3-931879-08-9.
17. Karl Schleif, Regierung und Verwaltung des Erzstifts Bremen, Hamburg: no publ., 1972, (=Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vol. 1), p. 194, also Hamburg, Univ., Diss., 1968.