Ernak

Ernak was the last ruler of the Huns, and the third son of Attila. After Attila's death in 453 AD, his Empire crumbled and its remains were ruled by his three sons, Ellac, Dengizich and Ernak. He succeeded his older brother Ellac in 454 AD, and probably ruled simultaneously over Huns in dual kingship with his brother Dengizich, but in separate divisions in separate lands.^[1]

Priscus during his stay at Attila's court in 448 or 449 AD, recorded a personal occasion between Attila and Ernak. At a banquet Attila pinched Ernak cheeks and looked on him with serene eyes, while took small account of his other sons.^[2] He was Attila's favorite son,^[3] because as a certain Hun explained to him, the prophets (probably shamans) prophesied his genos would fail, but would be restored by this son.^[2]

Ernak has often been identified with Irnik from the Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans, who is noted as descendant of the Dulo clan and leader of the Bulgars for 150 years starting approximately from 437 AD.^[3]

History

The oldest brother Ellac died in 454 AD, at the Battle of Nedao.^[4] Jordanes recorded "When Ellac was slain, his remaining brothers were put to fight near the shore of the Sea of Pontus where we have said the Goths settled ... dwelling again in their ancient abodes".^[5] Jordanes recounts c. 454-455:

"[After the Ostrogoths led by their king Valamir, and his brothers Theodemir and Vidimir received Pannonia] Now it happened that the sons of Attila, regarding the Goths as deserters from their rule, came against them as though they were seeking fugitive slaves and attacked Valamir alone, when his brothers knew nothing of it. He sustained their attack, though he had but few with him, and after harassing them a long time, so utterly overwhelmed them that scarcely a portion of the enemy remained. The remnant turned in flight and sought the parts of Scythia which border on the stream of the river Danaber, which the Huns call in their own tongue Var. Whereupon he sent a messenger of good tidings to his brother Theodemir ... on the very day the messenger arrived ... Theoderic was born [in 454]".^[6]

"Hernac, the younger son of Attila, with hiw followers, chose a home in the most distant part of Scythia Minor. Emnetzur^{[nb 1]} and Ultzindur^{[nb 2]} kinsmen of his, seized by force Oescus and Vtus and Almus in Dacia on the bank of the Danube, and many of the Huns, then swarming everywhere, betook themselves into Romania; descendants of them are to this day called Sacromontisi and Fossatisii".<ref name="FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973151^[11]">Maenchen-Helfen 1973, p. 151^[11].</ref>

The toponyms Vtus (at the mouth of river Vit), Oescus, near present Gigen at the mouth of river Iskar, and Almus, the present Lom, were situated in Dacia Ripensis.^[12] The Sacromontisi may have received their name from the holy mountain in Thrace, while the Fossatisii (fossatum, military camp) linguistically points to Moesia.^[12] Jordanes makes distinction between the Huns who seized land, and Alanic and Germanic tribes who received it.^[13]

In early 458, Western Roman Emperor Majorian gathered a vast army formed by barbarian tribes, including Chunus, for the campaign against the Vandals.^[14] Sidonius Apollinaris recounts that "...around thee thronged thousands under diverse standards. Only one race denied thee obedience, a race who had lately, in a mood even more savage than their wont, withdrawn their untamed host from the Danube because they had lost their lords in warfare, and Tuldila stirred in that unruly multitude a mad lust for fight which they must needs pay dear".^[14] This account refers to the loss of Ellac and other chieftains, the Battle of Nedao was fought only few years before, and they withdrawn from the Danube, now occupied by former Germanic subjects.^[15] Those Huns were situated in Moesia Superior and Dacia Ripensis.^[15]

Priscus recorded that in 465-466, Dengizich and Ernak sent diplomats to Constantinople. They wanted a peace treaty, and a market place on Danube according to the ancient customs between Romans and Huns, but were rejected.^[16] While Dengizich died in 469, it is considered that Ernak managed to maintain peacful relations with the Romans living in the Dobruja region.^[17][18] It seems he was content, compared to Dengizich, with the limited land he was given.^[19] The fate of Ernak is unclear.^[20]

Etymology

The name is recorded in three variants, Ήρνάχ (Ernakh) by Priscus, Ирнихъ (Irnik) in Nominalia, and Hernac by Jordanes in Getica.^[21] The name root derives from Turkic erän, irregular plural of ēr, meaning "man, real man, hero". ^[21] The -näk and -nik are diminutive suffixes only in the Altaic dialects, sometime also used as an augmentation.^[3] From erän also derives diminutive erŋäk (finger, thumb), erän+gä-yü (small man; man with six fingers i.e. lucky man).^[21] Nicholas Poppe proved originally it had h- in initial position (er < här, her).^[21] Thus the name Hērnäk had oppositional meaning of "hero" and "little [lucky] man", which was a fitting name for Attila's beloved son.^[21]

Legacy

Irnik Point on Snow Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Irnik (Ernak).

Notes

1. "Emnetzur and Ultzindur were consanguineus Attilae, ie. Hernac brothers.^[7][8] The certain Hun Έλμίγγειρος (Elmingeir) or Έλμινζούρ (Elminzour) active in the spring and summer of 556,^[9] is also considered a progeny of Attila's dynasty.^[7] The etymon is Turkic *elmin and *emnim (horse).^[7] Two suffixes in the three names can easily be determined -tzur is -ζου (čür) and -γει (gir), giving clan or tribal designation."^[7]
2. "Ultzindur, consanguineus Attilae, etymon derives from Turkic Uldin (öltin; auspicious, happy, lucky, fortunate),^[10] and contains another clan (tribal) suffix, dur, parallelling the suffix čur; the latter is also attested in the name Ούλτινζού (Oultinzou-r) by Agathias."^[7]

References

1. Maenchen-Helfen 1973, p. 86.
2. Maenchen-Helfen 1973, p. 268.
3. Maenchen-Helfen 1973, p. 407.
4. Maenchen-Helfen 1973, p. 144.
5. Maenchen-Helfen 1973, p. 149.
6. Maenchen-Helfen 1973, p. 156.
7. Pritsak 1982, p. 448.
8. Maenchen-Helfen 1973, p. 422.
9. Maenchen-Helfen 1973, p. 401–402.
10. Pritsak 1982, p. 436–437.
11. Heather 2010, p. 239.
12. Maenchen-Helfen 1973, p. 151.
13. Maenchen-Helfen 1973, p. 152.
14. Maenchen-Helfen 1973, p. 161.
15. Maenchen-Helfen 1973, p. 162.
16. Maenchen-Helfen 1973, p. 165–166, 187.
17. Given 2015, p. 154.
18. Heather 2007, p. 469.
19. Heather 2010, p. 259.
20. Golden 1992, p. 92.
21. Pritsak 1982, p. 447.

Sources

• Maenchen-Helfen, Otto J. (1973). The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520015968.
• Pritsak, Omeljan (1982). The Hunnic Language of the Attila Clan (PDF) IV. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute. ISSN 0363-5570.
• Golden, Peter Benjamin (1992). An introduction to the History of the Turkic peoples: ethnogenesis and state formation in medieval and early modern Eurasia and the Middle East. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. ISBN 9783447032742.
• Heather, Peter (2007). The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195325416.
• Heather, Peter (2010). Empires and Barbarians: The Fall of Rome and the Birth of Europe. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199752720.
• Given, John P. (2015). The Fragmentary History of Priscus: Attila, the Huns and the Roman Empire, AD 430–476. Arx Publishing. ISBN 9781935228141.