Syssitia

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The syssitia (Classical Greek: τὰ συσσίτια ta syssítia) was, in Ancient Greece, a common meal for men and youths in social or religious groups, especially in Crete and Sparta, though also in Megara in the time of Theognis (6th century BC) and Corinth in the time of Periander (7th century BC).

The banquets spoken of by Homer relate to this tradition. Some reference to similar meals can be found in Carthage and according to Aristotle (Politics VII. 9), it prevailed still earlier amongst the Oenotrians of Southern Italy.^[1]

The origin of the syssitia is unknown; while Lycurgus certainly made use of the practice in Sparta, we do not know whether he introduced the practice or developed an existing one.

Sparta

In Sparta, where the system was most evolved, they were also called pheiditia (φειδίτια, from ἔδω edō, to eat). The term is probably a corruption of φιλίτια philitia ("love-feast"),^[2] a word corresponding to the Cretan Hetairia. This was a daily obligatory banquet comparable to a military mess. Before the 5th century BC this ritual was also referred to as the ὰνδρεῖα andreia, literally, "belonging to men". Obligation was total; no person, not even the kings, could be absent without good excuse, such as performance of a sacrifice. Lesser excuses, such as being away on a hunt, implied a requirement to provide a present to the table (Smith 1870) .

The participation at syssitia was, as for other aspects of agoge, obligatory for membership in the Homoioi, the peers. Spartans were admitted starting at the age of twenty after a ritual described by Plutarch in his Life of Lycurgus(ch 12):

"each man in the company took a little ball of soft bread, which they were to throw into a deep basin, which a waiter carried round upon his head; those that liked the person to be chosen dropped their ball into the basin without altering its figure, and those who disliked him pressed it between their fingers, and made it flat; and this signified as much as a negative voice. And if there were but one of these pieces in the basin, the suitor was rejected, so desirous were they that all the members of the company should be agreeable to each other. The basin was called caddichus, and the rejected candidate had a name thence derived. ".^[3]

It was also possible for the young man to be presented by his erastes, his father figure who was (disputably) the elder in a pederastic relationship.

Each person was supplied with a cup of mixed wine, which was filled again when required, although drunkenness was not tolerated. Following a main meal of black broth (μέλας ζωμός melas zōmos), an επαικλον (epaiklon, or after-meal) was served, which consisted of game, fruit, poultry and other delicacies. Alcman (Frag. 31) tells us that at the banquets and drinking entertainments of the men it was fit for the guests to sing the paean. The arrangements were under the supervision of the polemarch.

Each member was required to contribute a monthly share to the common pot, the φιδίτης phidites, of which the composition has been passed to us by Dicaearchus (through Athenaeus and Plutarch ibid., 12): 77 litres of barley, 39 litres of wine, 3 kilograms of cheese, 1.5 kilograms of figs, and 10 Aegina obolus, which served to purchase meat. This served to prepare the main dish, the black broth (μέλας ζωμός melas zōmos), of which Athenaeus has given us the ingredients: pork, salt, vinegar and blood.

The kleros, the allotment given to each Spartan and cultivated by helots, was supposed to allow each citizen to pay their share. If this proved impossible, they were excluded from the syssitia. (Aristotle, Politics, II, 9).

The number of members in each syssitia remains vague. According to Plutarch in Life of Lycurgus, there were approximately 15 men in each syssitia; but in his Life of Agis, the king divides his 4,500 citizens into 15 phidites of 400 or 200 members, that is 7 phidites of 400, 7 of 200, and 300 hippeis (elite Spartan guards).

Crete

The ancient Cretan name for the syssitia was also andreia, the singular of which (ὰνδρεῖον | andreion) is used to denote the building or public hall where they were given. The name (εταιριαι Hetairiai was also used. As in Sparta, these meals were for male citizens and youths only. Based on at least one source, however, (Pindar, Pythian Odes, IX, 18) it is possible that in some of the Dorian states there were also syssitia of young unmarried women. The citizens were divided into messes which originally appear to have been along kinship lines, though vacancies were later filled at the discretion of the members. Ζευς 'Εταιρειος (Zeus Hetaireios) was the presiding deity.

According to Dosiadas, cited in Athenaeus, each town in Crete had two public buildings; one for lodging strangers (koimitirion), and the andreion where the syssitia took place. The upper part had two tables for foreign guests, then tables for the citizen members, and a third table to the right of the entrance for Zeus Khenios; likely used for offerings and libations.

Cretan syssitia were distinguished by simplicity and temperance. They always sat at their tables, even in later times, when the custom of reclining had been introduced at Sparta. The entertainment began with prayer to the gods and libations. Each of the adult citizens received an equal portion of fare, with the exception of the Archon, or "Master of the Tables" who was perhaps in ancient times one of the Kosmi, and more recently a member of the Gerousia or council. The Archon received four portions; "one as a common citizen, a second as President, a third for the house or building, a fourth for the furniture"; which seems to imply that the care of the building and the provision of the necessary utensils and furniture was the Archon's responsibility. A free-born woman managed the tables and service; she openly took the best portion and presented it to the most eminent citizen present. She had three or four male assistants under her, each of whom again was provided with two menial servants). Strangers were served before the citizens, and even before the Archon. On each of the tables was placed a cup of mixed wine, from which the messmates of the same company drank. At the close of the meal this was replenished, but all intemperance was strictly forbidden by a special law.

Youths under eighteen accompanied their fathers to the syssitia along with orphans. In some places the youngest of the orphans waited on the men; in others this was done by all the boys. When not thus engaged, they were seated near to the men on a lower bench, and received only a half portion of meat: the eldest of the orphans appear to have received the same quantity as the men, but of a plainer description of fare. (Athenaeus IV, 143) The boys like the men had also a cup of mixed wine in common, which however was not replenished when emptied. The meals were generally cheerful, and accompanied by music and singing. It was followed by conversation, which was first directed to the public affairs of the state, and afterwards turned on valiant deeds in war and the exploits of illustrious men, whose praises might animate the younger hearers to an honourable emulation. While listening to this conversation, the youths seem to have been arranged in classes, each of which was placed under the superintendence of an officer especially appointed for this purpose; so that the syssitia were thus made to serve important political and educational ends.

Unlike the Spartan format (see above), in most Cretan cities,

...of all the fruits of the earth and cattle raised on the public lands, and of the tribute which is paid by the Perioeci, one portion is assigned to the Gods and to the service of the state, and another to the common meals, so that men, women, and children are all supported out of a common stock. (Aristotle Politics II. 10; Bekker 1272a)^[4]

Based on this, and Athenaeus, it appears that each citizen received their share directly, in order to pay part to the public table and another part to feed the females of the family. This practice however does not appear to have prevailed exclusively at all times and in all the cities of Crete. In Lyctus, for instance, a colony from Sparta, the custom was different: the citizens of that town contributed to their respective tables a tenth of the produce of their estates; a practice which may be supposed to have obtained in other cities, where the public domains were not sufficient to defray the charges of the syssitia. But both at Lyctus and elsewhere, the poorer citizens were in all probability supported at the public cost.

The principal question which arises is how one building would accommodate the adult citizens and youths of towns like Lyctus and Gortyna. Either the information is incorrect and there was more than one andreion in larger towns, or the number of citizens in each town was small; a hypothesis supported by Xenophon, (Hellenica, III, 3) who reported only 40 citizens in a crowd of 4,000 in Sparta ^[5] - Crete had similar very large numbers of non-citizens.

Significance

The syssitia patently served to bring kinship groups together, and in having those who would fight together eat together in peacetime, a strong bond was formed. The syssitia in effect became an extended family, where all were "children of the state". It also ensured a separation between subject classes and citizens, and in Sparta additional separation based on station and wealth. They were thus a strong tool for developing nationalism. Herodotus (I, 65) remarks that the Spartan syssitia led to troops "who fought with more bravery and a keener sense of shame than would have been the case with chance comrades" (Smith 1870)

While the syssitia, as opposed to symposia, were originally based on simplicity and sobriety, over time in Sparta they became more indulgent and luxurious. Some attempts were made by Agis to restore former discipline, but this ended in failure.

See also

• Diet of Ancient Greece
• Symposium
• Azoria, Crete (possible 6th century BC andreion recovered in excavations at the site)

Notes

1. This article relies heavily on the French wikipedia article , translated 13 June 2006, as well as (Smith 1870)
2. This should not be presumed to refer to a sexual nature; the connotation here is classical brotherly love.
3. Plutarch. Life of Lycurgus Online version accessed 13 Jun 2006
4. Aristotle, Politics trans Benjamin Jowett. online accessed 14 June 2006
5. Xenophon Hellenica online accessed 14 Jun 2006.

Bibliography

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1870). "^{article name needed}". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. London: John Murray.
• (French) Edmond Lévy, Sparte : histoire politique et sociale jusqu’à la conquête romaine, Seuil, "Points Histoire" collection, Paris, 2003 (ISBN 2-02-032453-9)
• (French) Pauline Schmitt-Pantel, La Cité au banquet: histoire des repas publics dans les cités grecques, École française de Rome, 2000.