Alternatives to the Standard Model Higgs

Although the Higgs boson, as included in the Standard Model, is arguably the simplest method of achieving the Higgs mechanism, it is not without problems. Consequently, particle physicists have searched for alternative models which solve one or more of these problems, including the Higgs hierarchy problem and Quantum triviality.

Overview

In particle physics, elementary particles and forces give rise to the world around us. Physicists explain the behaviors of these particles and how they interact using the Standard Model—a widely accepted framework believed to explain most of the world we see around us.^[1] Initially, when these models were being developed and tested, it seemed that the mathematics behind those models, which were satisfactory in areas already tested, would also forbid elementary particles from having any mass, which showed clearly that these initial models were incomplete. In 1964 three groups of physicists almost simultaneously released papers describing how masses could be given to these particles, using approaches known as symmetry breaking. This approach allowed the particles to obtain a mass, without breaking other parts of particle physics theory that were already believed reasonably correct. This idea became known as the Higgs mechanism, and later experiments confirmed that such a mechanism does exist—but they could not show exactly how it happens.

The simplest theory for how this effect takes place in nature, and the theory that became incorporated into the Standard Model, was that if one or more of a particular kind of "field" (known as a Higgs field) happened to permeate space, and if it could interact with elementary particles in a particular way, then this would give rise to a Higgs mechanism in nature. In the basic Standard Model there is one field and one related Higgs boson; in some extensions to the Standard Model there are multiple fields and multiple Higgs bosons.

In the years since the Higgs field and boson were proposed as a way to explain the origins of symmetry breaking, several alternatives have been proposed that suggest how a symmetry breaking mechanism could occur without requiring a Higgs field to exist. Models which do not include a Higgs field or a Higgs boson are known as Higgsless models. In these models, strongly interacting dynamics rather than an additional (Higgs) field produce the non-zero vacuum expectation value that breaks electroweak symmetry.

List of alternative models

A partial list of proposed alternatives to a Higgs field as a source for symmetry breaking includes:

• Technicolor models break electroweak symmetry through new gauge interactions, which were originally modeled on quantum chromodynamics.^[2][3]
• Extra-dimensional Higgsless models use the fifth component of the gauge fields to play the role of the Higgs fields. It is possible to produce electroweak symmetry breaking by imposing certain boundary conditions on the extra dimensional fields, increasing the unitarity breakdown scale up to the energy scale of the extra dimension.^[4][5] Through the AdS/QCD correspondence this model can be related to technicolor models and to "UnHiggs" models in which the Higgs field is of unparticle nature.^[6]
• Models of composite W and Z vector bosons.^[7][8]
• Top quark condensate.
• "Unitary Weyl gauge". If one adds a suitable gravitational term to the standard model action with gravitational coupling, the theory becomes locally scale invariant (i.e. Weyl invariant). Weyl transformations act multiplicatively on the Higgs field, so one can fix the Weyl gauge by requiring the Higgs scalar to be a constant.^[9][10]
• Asymptotically safe weak interactions^[11][12] based on some nonlinear sigma models.^[13]
• Preon and models inspired by preons such as Ribbon model of Standard Model particles by Sundance Bilson-Thompson, based in braid theory and compatible with loop quantum gravity and similar theories.^[14] This model not only explains mass but leads to an interpretation of electric charge as a topological quantity (twists carried on the individual ribbons) and colour charge as modes of twisting.
• Symmetry breaking driven by non-equilibrium dynamics of quantum fields above the electroweak scale.^[15][16]
• Unparticle physics and the unhiggs.^[17][18] These are models that posit that the Higgs sector and Higgs boson are scaling invariant, also known as unparticle physics.
• In theory of superfluid vacuum masses of elementary particles can arise as a result of interaction with the physical vacuum, similarly to the gap generation mechanism in superconductors.^[19][20]
• UV-completion by classicalization, in which the unitarization of the WW scattering happens by creation of classical configurations.^[21]

See also

• Higgs boson

References

1. Heath, Nick, The Cern tech that helped track down the God particle, TechRepublic, July 4, 2012
2. Steven Weinberg (1976), "Implications of dynamical symmetry breaking", Physical Review D13 (4): 974–996, Bibcode:1976PhRvD..13..974W, doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.13.974.
   S. Weinberg (1979), "Implications of dynamical symmetry breaking: An addendum", Physical Review D19 (4): 1277–1280, Bibcode:1979PhRvD..19.1277W, doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.19.1277.
3. Leonard Susskind (1979), "Dynamics of spontaneous symmetry breaking in the Weinberg-Salam theory", Physical Review D20 (10): 2619–2625, Bibcode:1979PhRvD..20.2619S, doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.20.2619.
4. Csaki, C.; Grojean, C.; Pilo, L.; Terning, J. (2004), "Towards a realistic model of Higgsless electroweak symmetry breaking", Physical Review Letters 92 (10): 101802, arXiv:hep-ph/0308038, Bibcode:2004PhRvL..92j1802C, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.101802, PMID 15089195
5. Csaki, C.; Grojean, C.; Pilo, L.; Terning, J.; Terning, John (2004), "Gauge theories on an interval: Unitarity without a Higgs", Physical Review D 69 (5): 055006, arXiv:hep-ph/0305237, Bibcode:2004PhRvD..69e5006C, doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.69.055006
6. Calmet, X.; Deshpande, N. G.; He, X. G.; Hsu, S. D. H. (2008), "Invisible Higgs boson, continuous mass fields and unHiggs mechanism", Physical Review D 79 (5): 055021, arXiv:0810.2155, Bibcode:2009PhRvD..79e5021C, doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.79.055021
7. Abbott, L. F.; Farhi, E. (1981), "Are the Weak Interactions Strong?", Physics Letters B 101 (1–2): 69, Bibcode:1981PhLB..101...69A, doi:10.1016/0370-2693(81)90492-5
8. Speirs, Neil Alexander (1985), "Composite models of weak gauge bosons", Doctoral thesis, Durham University
9. Montag, J. Lee (1992), "Spontaneously Broken Conformal Symmetry and the Standard Model"
10. Pawlowski, M.; Raczka, R. (1994), "A Unified Conformal Model for Fundamental Interactions without Dynamical Higgs Field", Foundations of Physics 24 (9): 1305–1327, arXiv:hep-th/9407137, Bibcode:1994FoPh...24.1305P, doi:10.1007/BF02148570
11. Calmet, X. (2011), "Asymptotically safe weak interactions", Mod. Phys. Lett. A26 (21): 1571–1576, arXiv:1012.5529, Bibcode:2011MPLA...26.1571C, doi:10.1142/S0217732311035900
12. Calmet, X. (2011), "An Alternative view on the electroweak interactions", Int.J.Mod.Phys. A26 (17): 2855–2864, arXiv:1008.3780, Bibcode:2011IJMPA..26.2855C, doi:10.1142/S0217751X11053699
13. Codello, A.; Percacci, R. (2008), "Fixed Points of Nonlinear Sigma Models in d>2", Physics Letters B 672 (3): 280–283, arXiv:0810.0715, Bibcode:2009PhLB..672..280C, doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2009.01.032
14. Bilson-Thompson, Sundance O.; Markopoulou, Fotini; Smolin, Lee (2007), "Quantum gravity and the standard model", Class. Quantum Grav. 24 (16): 3975–3993, arXiv:hep-th/0603022, Bibcode:2007CQGra..24.3975B, doi:10.1088/0264-9381/24/16/002.
15. Goldfain, E. (2008), "Bifurcations and pattern formation in particle physics: An introductory study", EPL (Europhysics Letters) 82: 11001, Bibcode:2008EL.....8211001G, doi:10.1209/0295-5075/82/11001
16. Goldfain (2010), "Non-equilibrium Dynamics as Source of Asymmetries in High Energy Physics" (PDF), Electronic Journal of Theoretical Physics 7 (24): 219
17. Stancato, David; Terning, John (2008), "The Unhiggs", Journal of High Energy Physics 2009 (11): 101, arXiv:0807.3961, Bibcode:2009JHEP...11..101S, doi:10.1088/1126-6708/2009/11/101
18. Falkowski, Adam; Perez-Victoria, Manuel (2009), "Electroweak Precision Observables and the Unhiggs", Journal of High Energy Physics 2009 (12): 061, arXiv:0901.3777, Bibcode:2009JHEP...12..061F, doi:10.1088/1126-6708/2009/12/061
19. Zloshchastiev, Konstantin G. (2009), "Spontaneous symmetry breaking and mass generation as built-in phenomena in logarithmic nonlinear quantum theory", Acta Physica Polonica B 42 (2): 261–292, arXiv:0912.4139, Bibcode:2011AcPPB..42..261Z, doi:10.5506/APhysPolB.42.261
20. Avdeenkov, Alexander V.; Zloshchastiev, Konstantin G. (2011), "Quantum Bose liquids with logarithmic nonlinearity: Self-sustainability and emergence of spatial extent", Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 44 (19): 195303, arXiv:1108.0847, Bibcode:2011JPhB...44s5303A, doi:10.1088/0953-4075/44/19/195303
21. Dvali, Gia; Giudice, Gian F.; Gomez, Cesar; Kehagias, Alex (2011), "UV-Completion by Classicalization", Journal of High Energy Physics 2011 (8): 108, arXiv:1010.1415, Bibcode:2011JHEP...08..108D, doi:10.1007/JHEP08(2011)108

External links

• Higgsless model on arxiv.org