Highfields, Leicester

An image of Tichbourne Street in Highfields taken in February 2008

Highfields is an inner city area of Leicester, England. As the name suggests, it is one of the highest areas in the city, on high ground southeast of the city centre. To the west the area is bounded by the Midland Main Line, to the south by London Road, and to the east by East Park Road. To the north is Spinney Hills, though there is no clear boundary between the two areas, and Spinney Hills (which extends northwards to Humberstone Road) is often considered to be part of Highfields. The neighbourhood is within walking distance of the city centre of Leicester and offers many amenities for religious, social, cultural and commercial activities.

The area was developed between the late 19th century and the start of the First World War, and contains many fine Victorian townhouses (now usually subdivided into flats), as well as areas of redbrick terraced housing. There are modern council estates and tower blocks to the east of Leicester railway station, built during the 1970s on the site of cleared slums, but for the most part the area consists of privately owned and rented property, with some housing association properties. Many of the area's properties are rented by students of the nearby University of Leicester. The city's workhouse, later Hillcrest Hospital, was formerly situated in the area, on the site now occupied by Moat Community College .

A section of the area running between London Road, Evington Road and St Peters Road was designated as the South Highfields Conservation Area was designated in April 1981. This conservation area originally had an area of approximately 22.20 hectares. The boundaries of the conservation area were reassessed in 2003, and it was reduced to approximately 20.55 hectares.[1]

As with many inner-city areas in the United Kingdom, Highfields and its residents have often suffered from economic and other forms of social disadvantage. For this reason, Highfields has in the past been an area associated with crime - it was known even prior to the Second World War as the city's red light district however this is no longer the case. Although the area still suffers from many social problems, in recent years some of the establishments associated with criminal activity have been closed. Police activity within the area, often supported by local residents groups, has led to a number of drug busts. Whether this activity will lead to a significant reduction in crime and anti-social behaviour in the area has yet to be seen

Ethnic mix

For many years, Highfields has been an extremely multicultural area, with a large ethnic minority, and rapidly evolving population, traditionally being an area occupied by recent immigrants to the city.

The area has played host to numerous waves of migration to Leicester and subsequent generations, notably including Indian, Jewish, Irish, Polish, Somali, Pakistani, and Caribbean populations, who have contributed significantly to the area's character and rich cultural diversity. Recently the area has seen a large growth in immigrants from Eastern Europe.

Highfields contains Leicester's synagogue, an African-Caribbean Centre, various Christian churches and many mosques, madrassas and Islamic community centres. The annual Leicester Caribbean Carnival traditionally parades through Highfields to the city centre and back again, terminating at nearby Victoria Park. After funding and logistical difficulties causing the event to be cancelled in 2006, the Carnival has now been reinstated to Leicester's cultural calendar.

Amenities

Highfields is bounded by London Road and Evington Road meaning that it has a large amount of amenities on its doorstep. Notably this includes the railway station, many Mosques (the biggest includes a leisure centre within its grounds), Churches, Temples, a modern health centre, nurseries, schools, local shops, restaurants, community centres and banks. The area also has a public library which is located on Melbourne Road.

Highfield Street is particularly notable for having a high concentration of restaurants in a relatively small area. These restaurants include the Taj Mahal which is the oldest Indian Restaurant in Leicester.

Community centres and groups

The area is also notable for having a large number of well developed community institutions which represent the whole community and sections of it.

Schools

The area has a number of schools including:-

Policing

The area is policed by the Leicestershire Constabulary. The closest police station to the area is situated on East Park Road on the corner of Spinney Hill Park. The Spinney Hill Park area is divided into a number of neighbourhood beats. The Highfields Area is largely covered by the Highfields and Spinney Hill beats.[8][9]

A large part of the area is also covered by CCTV cameras, which are operated and monitored by Leicester City Council.

Political representation

As a part of the city of Leicester the area is governed by Leicester City Council. The Highfields area is represented by the Spinney Hills and Stoneygate wards.

Current councillors in the Spinney Hills ward

Current councillors for the Stoneygate ward

The area is part of the Leicester South constituency.

History

Nineteenth century

In the early nineteenth century, Highfields was a rural area lying outside of the city of Leicester. "Known as High Fields, the area was rich in water sources and windmills".[10] This area of farm land was reached by short lanes that led off of London Road. The layout and width of Mill Hill Lane still survives much in the form that it took in the 1820s, although the housing was not built until the 1850s. Prebend Street and Saxby Street also formed two of these lanes that led from London Road to farms although both of these roads have been widened since.[11]

The 1820s saw the beginnings of the development of the area as a residential district. First to be developed were Glebe Street, Conduit Street and Prebend Street and No 20 Glebe Street remains as one of the oldest surviving houses in the area. By this time there were already a few large villas on the London Road (e.g. 78-82). The Collegiate School on College Street was built in 1835.[12]

The first terraced houses were built in Lincoln Street, Hobart Street and Seymour Street in the 1860s. By the 1870s, although much of the area east of London Road was still open fields, a large house (Highfields House) had been built and the area between Highfield Street and Mill Hill Lane had been developed (Maps 3 and 4). Houses facing London Road were mainly built between the mid-1850s and the late 1860s and most still remain, although all have been converted to commercial uses.[13]

St Peter's Church, St Peter's Road

Substantial houses continued to be built as the area expanded southwards until the 1880s. Several streets were named after Prince Albert, the Prince Consort’s family, but were renamed during the 1st World War; Saxe Coburg (now Saxby) Street was built between 1872 and 1881, Gotha (now Gotham) Street between 1877 and 1887 and Mecklenburg (now Severn) Street between 1875 and 1888. Places of worship were also built to cater for the growing population. In 1874 St Peter's Anglican church was consecrated on St Peter's Road opposite the end of Highfields Street. The building was designed by the renowned architect George Edmund Street who was also responsible for the Courts of Justice in London. The Society of Friends opened a Meeting House at the corner of Glebe Street and Prebend Street in 1876 and, by 1886, several more places of worship had been built - a Congregational Chapel on London Road, a Wesleyan Church and Sunday school on the corner of Saxby Street and Sparkenhoe Street and the Victoria Road Baptist (now Seventh Day Adventist) Church and Sunday school at the corner of London Road and Victoria (now University) Road.[14]

By the 1880s, land prices were high and small residential enclaves such as Woodbine and Gordon Avenues were built in 1884 with only footpath access to make the maximum profitable use of the land. This also occurred between Prebend Street and College Street, creating College Avenue in 1886 and Brookhouse Avenue in 1888 and between Gotham Street and London Road, creating Victoria Avenue (1889), on part of the site of an earlier large villa and garden (‘The Chestnuts’). These pedestrian enclaves give the area a unique feel. However, the development of Stoneygate began to attract the middle classes away from Highfields and demand for larger houses declined. Development was completed by the construction of smaller terraced houses on Churchill, Connaught and Hamilton Streets (1886–1888).[15]

In 1898, the respected local architect Arthur Wakerley designed the Highfield Street synagogue. This place of worship served a newly established Jewish community that was beginning to settle in the area.

Twentieth Century

Since completion of the Victorian suburb, there has been no wholesale redevelopment of the area and so much of it still looks as it would have done in the nineteenth century. The main changes have been the loss of front gardens on the west side of London Road (and most of those on the east side) for highway use and the wholesale conversion of buildings on both sides of London Road into shops and offices.[16]

1920s and 1930s

The 1920s and 1930s saw some continued development and redevelopment in the area. On Nelson Street offices and businesses were built while new shops and offices were built on London Road (55-57) in the Art-deco style in 1935.[17]

Most of the original houses between Conduit Street and Prebend Street, including the Congregational chapel, gave way to 3 and 4 storey offices and showrooms between the 1930s and 1960s. Further along London Road, Nos. 132 to 140 were replaced by offices with a large setback from the street frontage to accommodate road-widening which never took place.[18]

Before and during the Second World War, the Jewish community expanded, with evacuees and refugees from Europe; a Polish and Latvian community began to be established.[19]

Second World War

The area was badly bombed during the Second World War. The worst night of bombing took place on 19 November 1940, with High Explosive Bombs and Incendiaries falling across the area between the Old Horse and the city centre. This night is often referred to as Leicester's Blitz. Several buildings at the corner of Highfield Street and Tichborne Street were destroyed and 41 people killed at this site (now occupied by Trinity Life Church in a community hall and ex-garage). On the same night a number of bombs fell on Sparkenhoe Street destroying homes, the local Post Office and the Methodist Church on the corner of Saxby Street and killing two people. Fragments of the bomb which destroyed the Methodist Church also damaged St Peter's Church, passing through the West window, bouncing several times before becoming embedded in the high altar.[20] This was the city's largest of at least 8 recorded enemy raids between September 1940 - July 1942, where 122 people died in total and 284 recorded as seriously injured.[21] Amongst those killed on that night were 12 members of the Royal Army Pay Corps who were billeted in the area.[22]

It is recorded that one of the Luftwaffe's largest of bombs was dropped on Grove Road (the 1000 kg Parachute Mine), causing extensive damage to adjacent streets.[23] It is still possible to trace the paths of the bombs by looking at the areas of post-1950s building that have gone on in the area.[24] More recently, some infill development has taken place, such as De Montfort Mews behind 5 to 19 De Montfort Street, Andrew Court and Tichborne Court flats (late 1970s) and the bank at 121 to 123 London Road (1973/4). In 1999, a bank was built to replace a 1960s office block on the corner of Saxby Street and London Road.

Post-War Highfields

After the war the area became less desirable as the trend towards suburban living encouraged many residents to move out to the outskirts of the city. The area became characterised by lodging houses and poor quality rented accommodation and this attracted a succession of migrants to make their homes in the area. In the post-war period these incomers were largely Irish migrants.[25] The post-war period also saw the migration of ex-servicemen and workers from the Caribbean to the area.[26]

The post-war period also saw the first South Asian migrants moving to the area. This first wave of South Asian migrants who came directly were Punjabi and Gujarati in response to the demand for unskilled labour during the post war economic boom. Most of these migrants were men from rural areas where unemployment levels were high. Upon arrival in Leicester they formed a tight-knit community and in order to maximise their ability to save, these groups established lodging houses in the Highfields area of Leicester [27]

1970s

During the early 1970s and especially after 1972, a large number of the Asian community in East Africa began to move to the area following expulsion from Uganda by Idi Amin.This group migrated in large numbers over a relatively short period of time and it quickly became apparent that Highfields was not going to be able to accommodate the entire East African Asian population.

These immigrants differed from the earlier direct migrants from Gujarat and the Punjab who had settled in Leicester. Perhaps the most important difference was that many of them were refugees and involuntary migrants. In addition to their strong trading, business and professional backgrounds and good knowledge of English, the Asians settled in East Africa tended to arrive as complete families, including ageing parents and relatives.[28] As a result their housing needs and aspirations differed significantly from those predominately single migrants from other countries.[29] And some were able to bring some, if not all of their savings. This ensured that these new migrants were quickly in a position to purchase much of the available housing in the Highfields area. However, Highfields did not have sufficient capacity and the Asians arriving from East Africa became centred in Belgrave.

1980s

On 10 July 1981 a riot broke out in the area as part of a wave of riots that were sweeping the country.[30] These riots had a range of causes but to some extent were a protest about perceived discrimination and acute disadvantage. Lord Scarman found the riots that took place across the country to be communal disorders with a racial dimension.[31]

References

  1. ↑ "South Highfields Conservation Area", Leicester City Council, http://www.leicester.gov.uk/index.asp?pgid=4259
  2. ↑ HART, http://web.archive.org/web/20041127225753/http://www.geocities.com/hart_leicester/.
  3. ↑ Highfields Youth and Community Centre, http://www.hycc.ac.uk/
  4. ↑ The Big Debate: Highfields Centre, BBC Radio Leicester, http://www.bbc.co.uk/leicester/content/articles/2006/11/17/the_big_debate_highfields_centre_feature.shtml.
  5. ↑ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leicestershire-33686491
  6. ↑ MKA website, http://www.mka.org.uk/
  7. ↑ St Peters Neighbourhood Board, http://www.stpetersnm.com/index.html
  8. ↑ Leicestershire Constabulary website, http://www.leics.police.uk/policing/8_city_bcu/19_spinney_hill_park/
  9. ↑ Spinney Hill Park LPU - St Peters NM... Station Tour Slide Show,http://stpetersnm.com/police/index.html
  10. ↑ Highfields Remembered
  11. ↑ South Highfields Conservation Area Character Statement (March 2003), p. 4.
  12. ↑ South Highfields Conservation Area Character Statement (March 2003), p. 4.
  13. ↑ South Highfields Conservation Area Character Statement (March 2003), p. 4.
  14. ↑ South Highfields Conservation Area Character Statement (March 2003), p.4.
  15. ↑ South Highfields Conservation Area Character Statement (March 2003), p. 5.
  16. ↑ South Highfields Conservation Area Character Statement (March 2003), http://www.leicester.gov.uk/EasySite/lib/serveDocument.asp?doc=1330&pgid=5703, p.5.
  17. ↑ South Highfields Conservation Area Character Statement (March 2003), http://www.leicester.gov.uk/EasySite/lib/serveDocument.asp?doc=1330&pgid=5703, p.5.
  18. ↑ South Highfields Conservation Area Character Statement (March 2003), http://www.leicester.gov.uk/EasySite/lib/serveDocument.asp?doc=1330&pgid=5703, p.5.
  19. ↑ "The history of Highfields", Highfields Remembered, http://highfields.dmu.ac.uk/history.html.
  20. ↑ "Leicestershire in World War II", Leicester Chronicler, http://www.leicesterchronicler.com/war.htm
  21. ↑ "Bird's Eye Wartime Leicestershire 1939-1945", Cartwright, T.C., 2002, p.16
  22. ↑ "Wartime Leicestershire: Royal Army Pay Corps - Roll of Honour, http://www.wartimeleicestershire.com/pages/pay_corps_list.htm
  23. ↑ "Bird's Eye Wartime Leicester", Cartwright, T.C., 1998, p.6
  24. ↑ "Bombs over Highfields", Leicester - Sound and Vision, http://www.le.ac.uk/emoha/leicester/highfieldsbombs1.html
  25. ↑ Nick Jewson, Syd Jeffers and Virinder Kalra, Family Care, Respite Services and Asian Communities in Leicester (Leicestershire Health Authority and Leicestershire Social Services: 2003), http://www.le.ac.uk/so/respitecare/report.pdf, p.12.
  26. ↑ "The history of Highfields", Highfields Remembered, http://highfields.dmu.ac.uk/history.html.
  27. ↑ Nash and Reeder (1993)
  28. ↑ Clarke et al. 1990
  29. ↑ O’Connor 1995, p.18
  30. ↑ "A different reality", Warwick Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations, http://www.warwick.ac.uk/CRER/differentreality/timeline.html
  31. ↑ Michael Banton, Promoting Racial Harmony (Cambridge:1985), p.91.

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Coordinates: 52°37′48″N 1°07′05″W / 52.630°N 1.118°W / 52.630; -1.118

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