Hill of Crosses
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The Hill of Crosses (Lithuanian: 
Kryžių kalnas ) is a site of pilgrimage about 12 km north of the city of Šiauliai, in northern Lithuania. The precise origin of the practice of leaving crosses on the hill is uncertain, but it is believed that the first crosses were placed on the former Jurgaičiai or Domantai hill fort after the 1831 Uprising.[1] Over the generations, not only crosses and crucifixes, but statues of the Virgin Mary, carvings of Lithuanian patriots and thousands of tiny effigies and rosaries have been brought here by Catholic pilgrims. The exact number of crosses is unknown, but estimates put it at about 55,000 in 1990[2] and 100,000 in 2006.[3]
History
| Number of crosses[2] | |
|---|---|
| 1800's | Over 3,000 |
| 1900 | 130 |
| 1902 | 155 |
| 1922 | 50 |
| 1938 | Over 400 |
| 1961 | Destroyed 5,000 |
| 1975 | Destroyed 1,200 |
| 1990 | Some 55,000 |
| 2006 | Over 100,000 |
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Over the generations, the place has come to signify the peaceful endurance of Lithuanian Catholicism despite the threats it faced throughout history. After the 3rd partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1795, Lithuania became part of the Russian Empire. Poles and Lithuanians unsuccessfully rebelled against Russian authorities in 1831 and 1863. These two uprisings are connected with the beginnings of the hill: as families could not locate bodies of perished rebels, they started putting up symbolic crosses in place of a former hill fort.[1]
When the old political structure of Eastern Europe fell apart in 1918, Lithuania once again declared its independence. Throughout this time, the Hill of Crosses was used as a place for Lithuanians to pray for peace, for their country, and for the loved ones they had lost during the Wars of Independence.
The site took on a special significance during the years 1944–1990, when Lithuania was occupied by the Soviet Union. Continuing to travel to the hill and leave their tributes, Lithuanians used it to demonstrate their allegiance to their original identity, religion and heritage. It was a venue of peaceful resistance, although the Soviets worked hard to remove new crosses, and bulldozed the site at least three times (including attempts in 1963 and 1973).[4] There were even rumors that the authorities planned to build a dam on the nearby Kulvė River, a tributary to Mūša, so that the hill would end up underwater.[5]
On September 7, 1993, Pope John Paul II visited the Hill of Crosses, declaring it a place for hope, peace, love and sacrifice. In 2000 a Franciscan hermitage was opened nearby. The interior decoration draws links with La Verna, the mountain where St. Francis received his stigmata.[4] The hill remains under nobody's jurisdiction; therefore people are free to build crosses as they see fit.[6]
See also
- Lithuanian cross-crafting
- Three Crosses – prominent monument in Vilnius, capital of Lithuania
- Žemaičių Kalvarija – pilgrimage site in Samogitia, Lithuania
- Khatchkars - Armenian monumental crosses.
References
- 1 2 Semaška, Algimantas (2006). Kelionių vadovas po Lietuvą: 1000 lankytinų vietovių norintiems geriau pažinti gimtąjį kraštą (in Lithuanian) (4th ed.). Vilnius: Algimantas. p. 339. ISBN 9986-509-90-4.
- 1 2 "Kryžių skaičius" (in Lithuanian). Lithuanian Millennium of Cultural Heritage Virtual Tour. Retrieved 2007-05-06.
- ↑ Tour to The Hill of Crosses Near Šiauliai. Retrieved 31 October 2009
- 1 2 Jankevičiūtė, Giedrė (2006). Lietuva. Vadovas (in Lithuanian). R. Paknys press. pp. 256–257. ISBN 9986-830-97-4.
- ↑ "Kryžių kalnas" (in Lithuanian). Šiauliai bishop. Retrieved 2007-05-06.
- ↑ "Hill of Crosses". In Your Pocket City Guides. Retrieved 2007-05-06.
External links
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Coordinates: 56°00′55″N 23°25′00″E / 56.01528°N 23.41667°E