ItÅ Hirobumi
| ItÅ Hirobumi | |
|---|---|
| 伊藤åšæ–‡ | |
 | |
| Prime Minister of Japan | |
|
In office 19 October 1900 – 10 May 1901 | |
| Monarch | Meiji |
| Preceded by | Yamagata Aritomo |
| Succeeded by | Saionji Kinmochi (Acting) |
|
In office 12 January 1898 – 30 June 1898 | |
| Monarch | Meiji |
| Preceded by | Matsukata Masayoshi |
| Succeeded by | ÅŒkuma Shigenobu |
|
In office 8 August 1892 – 31 August 1896 | |
| Monarch | Meiji |
| Preceded by | Matsukata Masayoshi |
| Succeeded by | Kuroda Kiyotaka (Acting) |
|
In office 22 December 1885 – 30 April 1888 | |
| Monarch | Meiji |
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Succeeded by | Kuroda Kiyotaka |
| Resident General of Korea | |
|
In office 21 December 1905 – 14 June 1909 | |
| Monarch | Meiji |
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Succeeded by | Sone Arasuke |
| Personal details | |
| Born |
16 October 1841 Tsukari, Japan |
| Died |
26 October 1909 (aged 68) Harbin, China |
| Political party |
Independent (Before 1900) Constitutional Association of Political Friendship (1900–1909) |
| Spouse(s) | ItÅ Umeko |
| Alma mater | University College London |
| Signature |
 |
Prince ItÅ Hirobumi (伊藤 åšæ–‡, October 16, 1841 – October 26, 1909, born Hayashi Risuke and also known as Hirofumi, Hakubun and briefly during his youth ItÅ Shunsuke) was a Japanese statesman and genrÅ. A London-educated samurai of the ChÅshÅ« Domain and an influential figure in the early Meiji Restoration government, he chaired the bureau which drafted the Meiji Constitution in the 1880s. Looking to the West for legal inspiration, ItÅ rejected the United States Constitution as too liberal and the Spanish Restoration as too despotic before ultimately drawing on the British and German models, especially the Prussian Constitution of 1850. Dissatisfied with the prominent role of Christianity in European legal traditions, he substituted references to the more traditionally Japanese concept of kokutai or "national polity", which became the constitutional justification for imperial authority.
In 1885 he became Japan's first Prime Minister, an office his constitutional bureau had introduced. He went on to hold the position four times, and wielded considerable power even out of office as the occasional head of Emperor Meiji's Privy Council. A monarchist, ItŠfavoured a large, bureaucratic government and opposed the formation of political parties. His third government was ended by the consolidation of the opposition into the KenseitŠparty in 1898, prompting him to found the Rikken Seiyūkai in response. He resigned his fourth and final ministry in 1901 after growing weary of party politics, but served as head of the Privy Council twice more before his death.
ItÅ's foreign policy was ambitious. He strengthened diplomatic ties with Western powers including Germany, the United States and especially the United Kingdom. In Asia he oversaw the First Sino-Japanese War and negotiated Chinese surrender on terms aggressively favourable to Japan, including the annexation of Taiwan and the release of Korea from the tribute system. ItÅ sought to avoid a Russo-Japanese War through the policy of Man-Kan kÅkan – surrendering Manchuria to the Russian sphere of influence in exchange for the acceptance of Japanese hegemony in Korea. A diplomatic tour of the United States and Europe brought him to Saint Petersburg in November 1901, where he was unable to find compromise on this matter with Russian authorities. Soon the government of Katsura TarÅ elected to abandon the pursuit of Man-Kan kÅkan, and tensions with Russia continued to escalate towards war.
The Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905 made ItÅ the first Japanese Resident-General of Korea. He supported the sovereignty of the indigenous Joseon monarchy as a protectorate under Japan, and in 1909 was forced to resign his position by the increasingly powerful Imperial Japanese Army, which instead favoured the total annexation of Korea. Four months later, ItÅ was assassinated by Korean nationalist An Jung-geun in Manchuria.[1] His death accelerated the annexation both he and his assassin had opposed; the process was formalised by another treaty the following year. Through his daughter Ikuko, ItÅ was the father-in-law of politician, intellectual and author Suematsu KenchÅ.
Life
Early years
ItÅ was born as Hayashi Risuke. His father Hayashi JÅ«zÅ was the adopted son of Mizui Buhei who was an adopted son of ItÅ Yaemon's family, a lower-ranked samurai from Hagi in ChÅshÅ« Domain (present-day Yamaguchi Prefecture). Mizui Buhei was renamed ItÅ Naoemon. Mizui JÅ«zÅ took the name ItÅ JÅ«zÅ, and Hayashi Risuke was renamed to ItÅ Shunsuke at first, then ItÅ Hirobumi. He was a student of Yoshida ShÅin at the ShÅka Sonjuku and later joined the SonnÅ jÅi movement ("to revere the Emperor and expel the barbarians"), together with Kido Takayoshi. ItÅ was chosen as one of the ChÅshÅ« Five who studied at University College London in 1863, and the experience in Great Britain convinced him Japan needed to adopt Western ways.
In 1864, ItÅ returned to Japan with fellow student Inoue Kaoru to attempt to warn ChÅshÅ« Domain against going to war with the foreign powers (the Bombardment of Shimonoseki) over the right of passage through the Straits of Shimonoseki. At that time, he met Ernest Satow for the first time, later a lifelong friend.
Political career
After the Meiji Restoration of 1868, ItÅ was appointed governor of HyÅgo Prefecture, junior councilor for Foreign Affairs, and sent to the United States in 1870 to study Western currency systems. Returning to Japan in 1871, he established Japan's taxation system. Later that year, he was sent on the Iwakura Mission around the world as vice-envoy extraordinary, during which he won the confidence of ÅŒkubo Toshimichi, one of the leaders of the Meiji government.
In 1873, ItÅ was made a full councilor, Minister of Public Works, and in 1875 chairman of the first Assembly of Prefectural Governors. He participated in the Osaka Conference of 1875. After ÅŒkubo's assassination, he took over the post of Home Minister and secured a central position in the Meiji government. In 1881 he urged ÅŒkuma Shigenobu to resign, leaving himself in unchallenged control.
ItÅ went to Europe in 1882 to study the constitutions of those countries, spending nearly 18 months away from Japan. While working on a constitution for Japan, he also wrote the first Imperial Household Law and established the Japanese peerage system (kazoku) in 1884.
In 1885, he negotiated the Convention of Tientsin with Li Hongzhang, normalizing Japan's diplomatic relations with Qing Dynasty China.
As Prime Minister
In 1885, based on European ideas, ItÅ established a cabinet system of government, replacing the DaijÅ-kan as the decision-making state organization, and on December 22, 1885, he became the first prime minister of Japan.
On April 30, 1888, ItÅ resigned as prime minister, but headed the new Privy Council to maintain power behind-the-scenes. In 1889, he also became the first genrÅ. The Meiji Constitution was promulgated in February 1889. He had added to it the references to the kokutai or "national polity" as the justification of the emperor's authority through his divine descent and the unbroken line of emperors, and the unique relationship between subject and sovereign.[2] This stemmed from his rejection of some European notions as unfit for Japan, as they stemmed from European constitutional practice and Christianity.[2]
He remained a powerful force while Kuroda Kiyotaka and Yamagata Aritomo, his political nemeses, were prime ministers.
During ItÅ's second term as prime minister (August 8, 1892 – August 31, 1896), he supported the First Sino-Japanese War and negotiated the Treaty of Shimonoseki in March 1895 with his ailing foreign minister Mutsu Munemitsu. In the Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation of 1894, he succeeded in removing some of the onerous unequal treaty clauses that had plagued Japanese foreign relations since the start of the Meiji period.
During ItÅ's third term as prime minister (January 12 – June 30, 1898), he encountered problems with party politics. Both the JiyÅ«tÅ and the ShimpotÅ opposed his proposed new land taxes, and in retaliation, ItÅ dissolved the Diet and called for new elections. As a result, both parties merged into the KenseitÅ, won a majority of the seats, and forced ItÅ to resign. This lesson taught ItÅ the need for a pro-government political party, so he organized the Rikken SeiyÅ«kai(Constitutional Association of Political Friendship) in 1900. ItÅ's womanizing was a popular theme in editorial cartoons and in parodies by contemporary comedians, and was used by his political enemies in their campaign against him.
ItÅ returned to office as prime minister for a fourth term from October 19, 1900, to May 10, 1901, this time facing political opposition from the House of Peers. Weary of political back-stabbing, he resigned in 1901, but remained as head of the Privy Council as the premiership alternated between Saionji Kinmochi and Katsura TarÅ.
Toward the end of August 1901, ItÅ announced his intention of visiting the United States to recuperate. This turned into a long journey in the course of which he visited the major cities of the United States and Europe, setting off from Yokohama on September 18, traveling through the U.S. to New York City (ItÅ received an honorary doctorate LL.D. from Yale University in late October[3]), from which he sailed to Boulogne, reaching Paris on November 4. On November 25, he reached Saint Petersburg, having been asked by the new prime minister, Katsura TarÅ, to sound out the Russians, entirely unofficially, on their intentions in the Far East. Japan hoped to achieve what it called Man-Kan kÅkan, the exchange of a free hand for Russia in Manchuria for a free hand for Japan in Korea, but Russia, feeling greatly superior to Japan and unwilling to give up its ability to use Korean ports for its navy, was in no mood to compromise; its foreign minister, Vladimir Lamsdorf, "thought that time was on the side of his country because of the (Trans-Siberian) railway and there was no need to make concessions to the Japanese."[4] ItÅ left empty-handed for Berlin (where he received honors from Kaiser Wilhelm), Brussels, and London. Meanwhile, Katsura had decided that Man-Kan kÅkan was no longer desirable for Japan, which should not renounce activity in Manchuria. When ItÅ reached London, he had talks with Lord Lansdowne which helped lay the groundwork for the Anglo-Japanese Alliance announced early the following year. The failure of his mission to Russia was "one of the most important events in the run-up to the Russo-Japanese War."[5]
It was during his terms as Prime Minister that he invited Professor George Trumbull Ladd of Yale University to serve as a diplomatic adviser to promote mutual understanding between Japan and the United States. It was because of his series of lectures he delivered in Japan revolutionizing its educational methods, that he was the first foreigner to receive the Second Class honor (conferred by the Meiji Emperor in 1907) and the Third Class honor (conferred by The Meiji Emperor in 1899), Orders of the Rising Sun. He later wrote a book on his personal experiences in Korea and with Resident-General ItÅ.[6][7][8] When he died, half his ashes were buried in a Buddhist temple in Tokyo and a monument was erected to him.[7][9]
As Resident-General of Korea
In November 1905, following the Russo-Japanese War, Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905 was made between the Empire of Japan and the Empire of Korea,[10][11] making Korea a Japanese protectorate. After the treaty had been signed, ItÅ became the first Resident-General of Korea on December 21, 1905. In 1907, he urged Emperor Gojong to abdicate in favor of his son Sunjong and secured the Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty of 1907, giving Japan its authorities to control Korea's internal affairs. ItÅ's position, however, was nuanced. He was firmly against Korea falling into China or Russia's sphere of influence, which would cause a grave threat to Japan's national security. But, he was actually against the annexation, advocating instead that Korea should remain as a protectorate. When the cabinet eventually voted for annexing Korea, he insisted and proposed a delay, hoping that the annexation decision could be reversed in the future.[12] His political nemesis came when the politically influential Imperial Japanese Army, led by Yamagata Aritomo, whose main faction was advocating annexation forced ItÅ to resign on June 14, 1909. His assassination is believed to have accelerated the path to the Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty.[13]
Assassination
ItÅ arrived at the Harbin Railway Station on October 26, 1909 for a meeting with Vladimir Kokovtsov, a Russian representative in Manchuria. There An Jung-geun, a Korean nationalist[13] and independence activist,[14][15] fired six shots, three of which hit ItÅ in the chest. He died shortly thereafter. His body was returned to Japan on the Imperial Japanese Navy cruiser Akitsushima, and he was accorded a state funeral.[16]
Legacy
A portrait of ItÅ Hirobumi was on the Series C 1,000 yen note of Japan from 1963 until a new series was issued in 1984. His former house is preserved as a museum near the ShÅin Jinja, in Hagi city, Yamaguchi prefecture. However, the actual structure was ItÅ's second home, formerly located in Shinagawa, Tokyo.
The publishing company Hakubunkan was named after ItÅ, based on an alternate pronunciation of his given name.
Evaluation in modern Korea
According to the Annals of Sunjong, Gojong said on October 28, 1909 that ItÅ Hirobumi made great efforts to develop civilization. However, the Annals of Gojong and of Sujong are regarded as unreliable by the National Institute of Korean History, given that these two Annals or sillocks are not designated as National Treasures of South Korea and UNESCO's World Heritage unlike other silloks due to Japanese influence exerted on them.[17]
The 1979 North Korean film, An Jung-gun Shoots Ito Hirobumi, is an account of Hirobumi's assassination from the North Korean perspective. The 1973 South Korean film Femme Fatale: Bae Jeong-ja is the life of ItÅ's adopted daughter Bae Jeong-ja (1870–1950).
ItÅ proclaimed that if East Asians did not closely cooperate with each other, all three would fall to the victims of Western imperialism. Gojong and the Joseon government believed these claims and agreed to help the Japanese military.[18] However, the opinion of Joseon soon turned against Japan over Japanese actions, including confiscation of lands, drafting civilians for forced labor, and executing those that resisted.[18] Ironically, his assassin, An Jung-geun, strongly believed in a union of the three East Asian nations in order to counter and fight off the "White Peril",[13] since the European countries engaged in colonialism. He hoped the union would restore peace in the region.
Genealogy
- Hayashi family
　∴Hayashi Awajinokami Michioki 　┃ 　┣â”â”â”â”â”â”â”┳â”â”â”â”â”â”â”┳â”â”â”â”â”â”â”â”â”â”â”â”â”â”â”â”┳â”â”â”â”â”â”â”â”┳â”â”â”â”â”â”â”â”â”┳â”â”â”â”â”â”â”┳â”â”â”â”â”â”â”â”┓ 　┃　　　　┃　　　　┃Hayasi Magoemon ┃　　　　　┃　　　　　┃　　　　┃　　　　　┃ Michimoto　Michiyo　Michisige　　　　　Michiyoshi　Michisada　Michikata　Michinaga　Michisue 　　　　　　　　　　　┃ 　　　　　　　　　　　┃ 　　　　　　　　　　　┃Hayasi MagosaburŠ　　　　　　　　　　Nobukatsu 　　　　　　　　　　　┃ 　　　　　　　　　　　┃ 　　　　　　　　　　　┃Hayasi Magoemon 　　　　　　　　　　Nobuyoshi 　　　　　　　　　　　┃ 　â”â”â”â”â”â”â”â”â”â”â”â”â”â”â”â”â”â•‹â”â”â”â”â”â”â”â”â”┳â”â”â”â”â”â”â”┓ 　┃Hayasi Magoemon ┃　　　　　┃　　　　┃ Nobuaki　　　　　　Sakuzaemon　SojyurÅ　 Matazaemon 　┃　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　┃ 　┃　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　┃ 　┃Hayasi Hanroku　　　　　　　　　　　　┃ Nobuhisa　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 GenzŠ　┃　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　┃ 　┣â”â”â”â”â”â”â”â”â”┓　　　　　　　　　　　　　　┃ 　┃　　　　　┃　　　　　　　　　　　　　　┃ SÅzaemon　　HeijihyÅe　　　　　　　　　　Yoichiemon 　　　　　　　┃　　　　　　　　　　　　　　┃ 　â”â”â”â”â”â”â”â”â”â”â”»â”â”â”â”â”â”┓　　　　　　â”â”â”â”â”â”┫ 　┃Hayasi Hanroku　┃　　　　　　┃　　　┃ RihachirÅ　　　　　Riemon　　　　MasuzÅ　Sukezaemon 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　┃adopted son of Hayasi RihachirŠ　　　　　　â”â”â”â”â”┳â”â”â”â”â”â”â”â”â”â”â”â”â”â”â”â”â”â”â”â”â”â”┫ 　　　　　　┃ItŠ┃Hayasi Shinbei's wife ┃Morita Naoyoshi's wife 　　　　　JyuzÅ　woman　　　　　　　　　　woman 　　　　　　┃ 　　　　　　┃ 　　　　　　┃ItŠ　　　　　Hirobumi 　　　　　　┃ 　â”â”â”â”â”â”â”â”â•‹â”â”â”â”â”â”â”â”┳â”â”â”â”â”â”â”┳â”â”â”â”â”┓ 　┃ItŠ　　┃Kida　　┃ItŠ　　┃　　　┃ Hirokuni　Humiyoshi　Shinichi　woman　woman 　┃ 　┣â”â”â”â”â”â”â”┳â”â”â”â”â”â”â”â”â”┳â”â”â”â”â”â”â”â”â”â”┳â”â”â”â”â”â”┳â”â”â”â”â”â”â”┳â”â”â”â”â”â”â”â”┳â”â”â”â”â”â”â”┳â”â”â”â”â”â”â”â”â”┳â”â”â”â”â”â”â”â”┳â”â”â”â”â”â”â”â”â”┳â”â”â”â”â”┳â”â”â”┓ 　┃ItŠ　　┃Shimizu ┃ItÅ　　　　 ┃ItÅ　 ┃ItÅ　　 ┃ItÅ　　 ┃ItÅ　　 ┃ItÅ　　　 ┃ItÅ　　 ┃ItÅ　　　 ┃　　　┃　　┃ Hirotada　 Hiroharu　Hiromichi　 Hiroya　Hirotada　Hiroomi　Hironori　Hirotsune　Hirotaka　Hirohide　woman　woman　woman 　┃ 　┣â”â”â”â”â”â”â”┳â”â”â”â”â”┳â”â”â”â”┳â”â”â”â”â”┳â”â”â”┓ 　┃ItÅ　　 ┃　　　┃　　┃　　　┃　　┃ Hiromasa　 woman　woman　woman　woman　woman 　┃ 　┣â”â”â”â”â”â”â”┓ 　┃ItÅ　　 ┃ Tomoaki　　woman
- ItÅ family
　∴ ItŠYaemon 　┃ ItŠNaoemon (Mizui Buhei)Yaemon's adopted son 　┃ ItŠJyuzŠ(Hayashi Jyuzo)Naoemon's adopted son 　┃ ItŠHirobumi (Hayashi Risuke)
Honours
From the Japanese Wikipedia article
Japanese
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (November 2, 1877)
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers (February 11, 1889)- Count (July 7, 1884)
- Marquis (August 5, 1895)
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum (August 5, 1895)- Collar of the Order of the Chrysanthemum (April 1, 1906)
- Prince (September 21, 1907)
Foreign
GC of the Order of Vasa of Sweden (May 25, 1885).svg.png)
GC of the Order of the Iron Crown of Austria-Hungary (September 27, 1885).svg.png)
GC of the Order of the Red Eagle of Prussia (December 22, 1886) (he later received the Grand Cross in brilliants during his visit to Berlin in December 1901[19])
GC of the Order of Charles III of Spain (October 26, 1896).svg.png)
GC of the Order of Leopold of Belgium (October 4, 1897)
GC of the Legion d'Honneur of France (April 29, 1898)
GC of the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky of Russia (November 28, 1901)[20]
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB), United Kingdom (January 14, 1902; after a visit to London)[21]_crowned.svg.png)
GC of the Order of the Annunciation of Italy (January 16, 1902; during his visit to Rome)[22]
See also
References
- ↑ Dudden, Alexis (2005). Japan's Colonization of Korea: Discourse and Power. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-2829-1.
- 1 2 W. G. Beasley,The Rise of Modern Japan, pp. 79-80 ISBN 0-312-04077-6
- ↑ "United States" The Times (London). Thursday, October 24, 1901. (36594), p. 3.
- ↑ Ian Nish, The Origins of the Russo-Japanese War (Longman, 1985; ISBN 0582491142), p. 118.
- ↑ Nish, The Origins of the Russo-Japanese War, p. 116.
- ↑ Topics of the Week: "George Trumbull Ladd," New York Times. February 22, 1908.
- 1 2 "Business: Japanese Strip," Time Magazine. May 8, 1939.
- ↑ "American Honored by the Japanese," The New York Times. October 22, 1899.
- ↑ "Great Head Temple Sôjiji". 2007. Retrieved July 29, 2009.
- ↑ ì´í† 히로부미는 ì§ì ‘~ :한계옥 (1998ë…„ 4ì›” 10ì¼). ã€ˆë¬´ë ¥ì„ ì•žìž¥ 세워 병탄으로〉, 《ë§ì–¸ì˜ 뿌리를 찾아서》, ì¡°ì–‘ìš±, 1íŒ 1쇄, 서울: (주)ìžìœ í¬ëŸ¼, 97~106쪽쪽. ISBN 89-87811-05-0
- ↑ Lee Hang-bok."The King's Letter," English JoongAng Daily. September 22, 2009.
- ↑ Umino, Fukuju (2004). Hirobumi Ito and Korean Annexation (Ito hirobumi to kankoku heigou) (in Japanese). Aoki Shoten. ISBN 978-4-250-20414-2.
- 1 2 3 Keene, Donald (2002). Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852–1912. Columbia University Press. pp. 662–667. ISBN 0-231-12340-X.
- ↑ "What Defines a Hero?". Japan Society. Retrieved January 29, 2008.
- ↑ An, Jung-geun, Naver encyclopedia
- ↑ Nakamura, Kaju (2010) [1910]. Prince Ito - The Man and Statesman - A Brief History of His Life. Lulu Press (reprint). ISBN 1445571420.
- ↑ Yu Seok-jae (ìœ ì„재) (January 14, 2007). ê³ ì¢…Â·ìˆœì¢…ì‹¤ë¡ì˜ '찜찜한' ì¸í„°ë„· 공개 [Questionable contents of Annals of Gojong and Sunjong exposed to public] (in Korean). The Chosun Ilbo. Retrieved May 1, 2012.
- 1 2 Lee Jeong-sik (ì´ì •ì‹) (May 2001). 긴급대특집, ì¼ë³¸ ì—사êµê³¼ì„œ 왜곡파문 [Special report on Japan's history textbook issue.] (in Korean). New DongA. Retrieved May 1, 2012.
... initially many Koreans supported Japanese against Russians, and helped Japanese military. ... Many intellectuals had predicted that whoever wins the Russo-Japanese War, Joseon would be controlled by a victor. Still, they had hoped for the Asian power's victory. .... On 14 April 1904, Japan demanded unrestricted fishing rights all across Korean peninsular. On 28 June, Japan asked for the right to use every unclaimed land in Korea. Many Japanese gangsters had beaten Korean citizens in numerous occasions. ... 1904, U.S. diplomatic cable by Horace Allen, then U.S. representative in Korea. [...러·ì¼ì „ìŸ ë•Œ ë§Žì€ ì¡°ì„ ì¸ì´ ì¼ë³¸ì¸¡ì— ë™ì¡°í–ˆê³ , ì¼ë³¸êµ°ì„ ë„왔다... ë§Žì€ ì§€ì‹ì¸ì´ ì „ìŸì´ ëë‚œ í›„ì— ì¡°ì„ ì€ ìŠ¹ìžì—게 êµ´(屈)í•˜ê³ ì£¼ê¶Œì„ ìƒì‹¤í• 것ì´ë¼ 예측했ìŒì—ë„, 러시아보다는 ‘ë™ì¡±(åŒæ—)â€™ì¸ ì¼ë³¸ì´ 승리하기를 ë°”ëžë‹¤. ... (1) 1904ë…„ 4ì›”14ì¼. ì¼ë³¸ì€ ì¡°ì„ ë°˜ë„ ì „ì—ì—ì„œ ê±°ì˜ ë¬´ì œí•œì ì¸ ì–´ì—…ê¶Œì„ ìš”êµ¬í–ˆë‹¤. (2) 6ì›”28ì¼. ê·¸ë“¤ì€ ì§€ê¸ˆ ì¡°ì„ ë‚´ ëª¨ë“ í™©ë¬´ì§€ë¥¼ ì ê±°í•˜ê³ ì‚¬ìš©í• ìˆ˜ 있는 권리를 요구했다. (3) ë§Žì€ ìˆ˜ì˜ ì¼ë³¸ì¸ 불량배 ë…¸ë™ìžë“¤ì´ ì¡°ì„ ì‚¬ëžŒë“¤ì„ ê´´ë¡ížˆê³ 있다. ...1904ë…„ 주한미êµê³µì‚¬ í˜¸ë ˆìŠ¤ ì•¨ëŸ°ì˜ ë³´ê³ ì„œ]
- ↑ "Latest intelligence - Germany" The Times (London). Monday, 16 December 1901. (36639), p. 6.
- ↑ "Latest intelligence - Russia and Japan" The Times (London). Saturday, November 30, 1901. (36626), p. 7.
- ↑ The London Gazette: no. 27397. p. 295. 14 January 1902.
- ↑ "Court circular" The Times (London). Friday, 17 January 1902. (36667), p. 8.
Sources
- Nish, Ian. (1998) The Iwakura Mission to America and Europe: A New Assessment. Richmond, Surrey: Japan Library. ISBN 9781873410844; ISBN 0415471796; OCLC 40410662
Further reading
- Hamada Kengi (1936). Prince Ito. Tokyo: Sanseido Co.
- Johnston, John T.M. (1917). World patriots. New York: World Patriots Co.
- Kusunoki Sei'ichirÅ (1991). Nihon shi omoshiro suiri: Nazo no satsujin jiken wo oe. Tokyo: Futami bunko.
- Ladd, George T. (1908). In Korea with Marquis Ito
- Nakamura Kaju (1910). Prince Ito, the man and the statesman, a brief history of his life. New York: Japanese-American commercial weekly and Anraku Pub. Co.
- Palmer, Frederick (1910). Marquis Ito: the great man of Japan. n.p.
External links
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hirobumi ItÅ. |
- Works by or about ItÅ Hirobumi at Internet Archive
- Biographical material at the Notable Names Database.
- About Japan: A Teacher's Resource Ideas about how to teach about Ito Hirobumi in a K-12 classroom
-
"Ito, Hirobumi, Prince". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| New office | Prime Minister of Japan 1885–1888 |
Succeeded by Kuroda Kiyotaka |
| President of the House of Peers 1890–1891 |
Succeeded by Hachisuka Mochiaki | |
| Preceded by Matsukata Masayoshi |
Prime Minister of Japan 1892–1896 |
Succeeded by Kuroda Kiyotaka Acting |
| Prime Minister of Japan 1898 |
Succeeded by ÅŒkuma Shigenobu | |
| Preceded by Yamagata Aritomo |
Prime Minister of Japan 1900–1901 |
Succeeded by Saionji Kinmochi Acting |
| New office | Resident General of Korea 1905–1909 |
Succeeded by Sone Arasuke |
| ||||||
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