Hirsutism
| Hirsutism | |
|---|---|
.jpg) A woman with hirsutism, as depicted in the Nuremberg Chronicle (1493) | |
| Classification and external resources | |
| Specialty | Dermatology, endocrinology |
| ICD-10 | L68.0 |
| ICD-9-CM | 704.1 |
| DiseasesDB | 20309 |
| MedlinePlus | 003148 |
| eMedicine | med/1017 derm/472 |
| MeSH | D006628 |
Hirsutism is the excessive hairiness[1] on women[2] in those parts of the body where terminal hair normally is absent or minimal, such as a beard or chest hair. It refers to a male pattern of body hair (androgenic hair) and it is therefore primarily of cosmetic and psychological concern. Akin to the modern day hypertrichosis (werewolf syndrome) or the historical figure wild man. Hirsutism is a medical sign rather than a disease and may be a sign of a more serious medical condition, especially if it develops well after puberty. The amount and location of the hair is measured by a Ferriman-Gallwey score.
Signs and symptoms
Hirsutism affects members of any gender, since rising androgen levels can cause excessive body hair, particularly in locations where women normally do not develop terminal hair during puberty (chest, abdomen, back, and face). The medical term for excessive hair growth that affects any gender is hypertrichosis.
Causes
Hirsutism can be caused by either an increased level of androgens, the male hormones, or an oversensitivity of hair follicles to androgens. Male hormones such as testosterone stimulate hair growth, increase size and intensify the growth and pigmentation of hair. Other symptoms associated with a high level of male hormones include acne, deepening of the voice, and increased muscle mass.
Growing evidence implicates high circulating levels of insulin in women for the development of hirsutism. This theory is speculated to be consistent with the observation that obese (and thus presumably insulin resistant hyperinsulinemic) women are at high risk of becoming hirsute. Further, treatments that lower insulin levels will lead to a reduction in hirsutism.
It is speculated that insulin, at high enough concentration, stimulates the ovarian theca cells to produce androgens. There may also be an effect of high levels of insulin to activate insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) receptor in those same cells. Again, the result is increased androgen production.
Signs that are suggestive of an androgen-secreting tumor in a patient with hirsutism is rapid onset, virilization and palpable abdominal mass.
The following may be some of the conditions that may increase a woman's normally low level of male hormones:
- Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the most common cause[3]
- Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, in turn mostly caused by 21-α hydroxylase deficiency[4]
- Cushing's disease[4]
- Growth hormone excess (acromegaly)[4]
- Tumors in the ovaries
- adrenal gland cancer, Von Hippel–Lindau disease
- Insulin resistance
- Stromal hyperthecosis (SH) - in postmenopausal women
- Obesity: As there is peripheral conversion of androgens to estrogen in these patients, this is the same mechanism as polycystic ovary syndrome, PCOS.
- Use of certain medications such as tetrahydrogestrinone, phenytoin, minoxidil
- porphyria cutanea tarda
Diagnosis
One method of evaluating hirsutism is the Ferriman-Gallwey score which gives a score based on the amount and location of hair growth on a woman.[5]
Diagnosis of patients with even mild hirsutism should include assessment of ovulation and ovarian ultrasound (because of the high prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome), as well as 17-hydroxyprogesterone (because of the possibility of finding nonclassic 21-hydroxylase deficiency[6]).
Other blood value that may be evaluated in the workup of hirsutism include:
If no underlying cause can be identified, the condition is considered idiopathic.
Treatment
Many women with unwanted hair seek methods of hair removal. However, the causes of the hair growth should be evaluated by a physician, who can conduct blood tests, pinpoint the specific origin of the abnormal hair growth, and advise on the treatment.
Medication
Medication include:[4]
- Spironolactone: Antialdosterone antiandrogenic compound.[7]
- Cyproterone acetate: A progestin that also has strong antiandrogenic action. In addition to single form, it is also available in some formulations of combined oral contraceptives.
- Metformin: Antihyperglycemic drug used for diabetes mellitus. However, it is also effective in treatment of hirsutism associated with insulin resistance (e.g. polycystic ovary syndrome)
- Eflornithine: Blocks putrescine that is necessary for the growth of hair follicles
- Flutamide: Androgen receptor antagonist. The most effective treatment that was tested is the oral flutamide for one year. Seventeen of eighteen women with hirsutism treated with combination therapy of flutamide 250 mg twice daily and an oral contraceptive pill had a rapid and marked reduction in their hirsutism score. Amongst these, one woman with pattern hair loss showed remarkable improvement.
- Combination oral contraceptives
Other methods
- Epilation
- Waxing
- Shaving
- Laser hair removal
- Electrolysis
- Lifestyle change, including reducing excessive weight and addressing insulin resistance, may be beneficial. Insulin resistance can cause excessive testosterone levels in women, resulting in hirsutism.[8] One study reported that women who stayed on a low calorie diet for at least six months lost weight and reduced insulin resistance. Their levels of Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) increased, which reduced the amount of free testosterone in their blood. As expected, the women reported a reduction in the severity of their hirsutism and acne symptoms.
See also
- Ferriman-Gallwey score
- Petrus Gonsalvus
- Androgenic hair
- Pubic hair
- Hypertrichosis
- Hair removal
- Laser hair removal
- Bearded lady
- Trichophilia
- Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
References
- ↑ "Hirsutism" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
- ↑ "Merck Manuals online medical Library". Merck & Co. Retrieved 2011-03-04.
- ↑ Somani N, Harrison S, Bergfeld WF (2008). "The clinical evaluation of hirsutism". Dermatol Ther 21 (5): 376–91. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8019.2008.00219.x. PMID 18844715.
- 1 2 3 4 Unluhizarci K, Kaltsas G, Kelestimur F (2012). "Non polycystic ovary syndrome-related endocrine disorders associated with hirsutism". Eur J Clin Invest 42 (1): 86–94. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2362.2011.02550.x. PMID 21623779.
- ↑ Ferriman D, Gallwey JD (November 1961). "Clinical assessment of body hair growth in women". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 21 (11): 1440–7. doi:10.1210/jcem-21-11-1440. PMID 13892577.
- ↑ Di Fede G, Mansueto P, Pepe I, Rini GB, Carmina E (2010). "High prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome in women with mild hirsutism and no other significant clinical symptoms". Fertil. Steril. 94 (1): 194–7. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.02.056. PMID 19338993.
- ↑ Karakurt F, Sahin I, Güler S, et al. (April 2008). "Comparison of the clinical efficacy of flutamide and spironolactone plus ethinyloestradiol/cyproterone acetate in the treatment of hirsutism: a randomised controlled study". Adv Ther 25 (4): 321–8. doi:10.1007/s12325-008-0039-5. PMID 18389188.
- ↑ Taylor SI, Dons RF, Hernandez E, Roth J, Gorden P (December 1982). "Insulin resistance associated with androgen excess in women with autoantibodies to the insulin receptor" 97 (6): 851–5. PMID 7149493.
External links
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