Hispania Ulterior

Hispania Ulterior
Province of the Roman Republic
197 BC–19 BC
Hispania Ulterior in 197 BC (in green)
Capital		Corduba (Córdoba)
Historical era		Antiquity
•	Established	197 BC
•	Disestablished	19 BC
Today part of		Spain  Gibraltar  Portugal

Hispania Ulterior (English: "Further Hispania") was a region of Hispania during the Roman Republic, roughly located in Baetica and in the Guadalquivir valley of modern Spain and extending to all of Lusitania (modern Portugal, Extremadura and a small part of Salamanca province) and Gallaecia (modern Northern Portugal and Galicia). Its capital was Corduba.

Etymology

Hispania is the Latin term given to the Iberian peninsula. The term can be traced back to at least 200 BC by the poet Quintus Ennius. The word is possibly derived from the Punic אי שפן "I-Shaphan" meaning "coast of hyraxes", in turn a misidentification on the part of Phoenician explorers of its numerous rabbits as hyraxes. Ulterior is the comparative form of ulter, which means "that is beyond". According to ancient historian Cassius Dio, the people of the region came from many different tribes, not sharing a common language nor a common government.^[1]

History

After losing control of Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica in the 1st Punic War, Carthage began to expand into the south of the Iberian peninsula. Soon afterwards, the 2nd Punic War began. Much of the war involved Hispania until Scipio Africanus seized control from Hannibal and the Carthaginians in the Battle of Ilipa in 206 BC; four years later, Carthage surrendered and ceded its control of the region to Rome after Carthage’s defeat in 201 BC.^[2]

Hispania in 197 BC

In 197 BC, the peninsula was divided into two provinces because of the presence of two military forces during its conquest. These two regions are Hispania Citerior (Nearer Hispania) and Hispania Ulterior (Further Hispania). The boundary was generally along a line passing from Carthago Nova to the Cantabrian Sea. Hispania Ulterior consisted of what are now Andalusia, Portugal, Extremadura, León, much of Castilla la Vieja, Galicia, Asturias, Cantabria, and the Basque Country.

There was peace in the region until 155 BC when the Lusitanians attacked Hispania Ulterior. Twice defeating Roman praetors, their success soon sparked multiple other rebellions in the peninsula. The Iberian peninsula became a center of military activity and an opportunity for advancement. As Appian claims, “[the consuls] took the command not for the advantage of the city [Rome], but for glory, or gain, or the honour of a triumph.” ^[3] The area was largely conquered by the consul Decimus Junius Brutus Callaicus in 138 BC, but war continued until 19 BC when Agrippa defeated the Cantabrians in Hispania Citerior and Hispania had finally been completely conquered.

In 19 BC, when Augustus completed the conquest of Hispania with the Cantabrian War, he reorganised the provinces in the penunsula. Hispania Ulterior was divided into Baetica (modern Andalusia) and Lusitania (modern Portugal, Extremadura, and part of Castilla-León). Hispaina Citerior, which now included Cantabria and Basque country, was renamed to Hispania Tarraconensis.

In the early fifth-century AD, the Vandals invaded and took over the south of Hispania. The Roman Emperor Honorius commissioned his brother-in-law, the Visigoth king, to defeat the Vandals. The Visigoths seized control of Hispania and made Toledo the capital of their country.

Roman effects on Hispania

Roman aqueduct in Hispania

Each province was to be ruled by a praetor. Members of the tribal elite of Hispania were introduced into the Roman aristocracy and allowed to participate in their own governance. Roman emperors Trajan, Hadrian, and Theodosius I were all born in Hispania. Roman latifundia were granted to members of the aristocracy throughout the region. Cities in Hispania Citerior such as Valencia were enhanced, and irrigation aqueducts were introduced. The economy thrived as a granary as well as by exporting gold, olive oil, wool, and wine.^[4]

See also

• Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula

References

1. Dio, Cassius. Roman History.
2. Grout, James. Encyclopaedia Romana
3. • Appian. Roman History; Vol I: The Wars in Spain; translated by Horace White (Loeb Classical Library). London: Heinemann, 1912
4. • Summer, G. V. “Notes on Provinciae in Spain (197-133 B.C.).” Classical Philology; Vol. 72, No. 2 (Apr., 1977), pp. 126-130.

• Strabo. The Geography of Strabo; with an English translation by Horace Leonard Jones.(Loeb Classical Library.) Vol. II. London: Heinemann, 1923.

External links

• Detailed map of the Pre-Roman Peoples of Iberia (around 200 BC)