Story of O
 Cover of a French edition of Histoire d'O featuring Corinne Cléry | |
| Author | Pauline Réage |
|---|---|
| Country | France |
| Language | French |
| Genre | Erotic novel |
| Publisher | Jean-Jacques Pauvert |
Publication date | 1954 |
| Media type | |
Story of O (French: Histoire d'O, IPA: [istwaʁ do]) is an erotic novel published in 1954 by French author Anne Desclos under the pen name Pauline Réage, and published in French by Jean-Jacques Pauvert.
Desclos did not reveal herself as the author for forty years after the initial publication. Desclos claims she wrote the novel as a series of love letters to her lover Jean Paulhan,[1] who had admired the work of the Marquis de Sade. The novel shares with the latter themes such as love, dominance and submission.
Plot
Story of O is a tale of female submission involving a beautiful Parisian fashion photographer named O, who is taught to be constantly available for oral, vaginal, and anal intercourse, offering herself to any male who belongs to the same secret society as her lover. She is regularly stripped, blindfolded, chained and whipped; her anus is widened by increasingly large plugs; her labium is pierced and her buttocks are branded.
The story begins when O's lover, René, brings her to the château of Roissy, where she is trained to serve the members of an elite club. After this initial training, as a demonstration of their bond and his generosity, René hands O to his elder stepbrother Sir Stephen, a more severe master. René wants O to learn to serve someone whom she does not love, and someone who does not love her. Over the course of this training, O falls in love with Sir Stephen and believes him to be in love with her as well. During the summer, Sir Stephen sends O to Samois, an old mansion solely inhabited by women for advanced training and body modifications related to submission. There she agrees to receive permanent marks of Sir Stephen's ownership, in the form of a brand and a steel tag hanging from a labia piercing.
Meanwhile René has encouraged O to seduce Jacqueline, a vain fashion model, and lure her to Roissy. Jacqueline is repulsed when she first sees O's chains and scars, although O herself is proud of her condition as a willing slave. However, Jacqueline's younger half-sister becomes enamored of O, and begs to be taken to Roissy.
At the climax, O is presented as a sexual slave, nude but for an owl-like mask and a leash attached to her piercing, before a large party of guests who treat her solely as an object. Afterward, she is shared by Sir Stephen and an associate of his who is referred to only as "The Commander".
Some early editions included several different variations of an epilogue which note that O was later abandoned by Sir Stephen, though there is debate as to whether Desclos intended it to be included in the finished work; in one such version, O is so distraught by the threat of this abandonment that she insists she would rather die and asks for permission to commit suicide, which is granted.
Publishing history
In February 1955, Story of O won the French literature prize Prix des Deux Magots, although this did not prevent the French authorities from bringing obscenity charges against the publisher. The charges were rejected by the courts, but a publicity ban was imposed for a number of years.
The first English edition was published by Olympia Press in 1965. Eliot Fremont-Smith (of The New York Times) called its publishing "a significant event".
A sequel, Retour à Roissy (Return to Roissy, but often translated as Return to the Chateau, Continuing the Story of O), was published in 1969 in French, again with Jean-Jacques Pauvert, éditeur. It was published again in English by Grove Press, Inc., in 1971. It is not known whether this work is by the same author as the original.
Emmanuelle Arsan claimed the Story of O inspired her to write her own erotic novel Emmanuelle.[2]
A critical view of the novel is that it is about, and derives its erotic power from, the ultimate objectification of a woman. The heroine of the novel has the shortest possible name, consisting solely of the letter O. Although this is in fact a shortening of the name Odile, it could also stand for "object" or "orifice", an O being a symbolic representation of any "hole". The novel was strongly criticized by many feminists, who felt it glorified the abuse of women.[3][4][5]
The book has been the source of various terms that are used in the BDSM subculture such as Samois, the name of the estate belonging to the character Anne-Marie, who brands O.
When the film of The Story of O was released, L'Express magazine ran a feature on the novel and film. This resulted in L'Express being picketed by feminists from the group Mouvement de libération des femmes, who found the novel and film objectionable.[2] Journalist François Chalais also criticized Story of O, claiming the novel glorified violence; he described the novel as "bringing the Gestapo into the boudoir".[2]
Hidden identities
The author used a pen name, then later revealed herself under another pen name, before finally, prior to her death, revealing her true identity. Her lover Jean Paulhan wrote the preface as if the author were unknown to him.
According to an article by Geraldine Bedell,[1] published in The Observer on Sunday 24 July 2004, "Pauline Réage, the author, was a pseudonym, and many people thought that the book could only have been written by a man. The writer's true identity was not revealed until 10 years ago, when, in an interview with John de St Jorre, a British journalist and some-time foreign correspondent of The Observer, an impeccably dressed 86-year-old intellectual called Dominique Aury acknowledged that the fantasies of castles, masks and debauchery were hers."
According to several other sources, however, Dominique Aury was itself a pseudonym of Anne Cécile Desclos, born 23 September 1907 in Rochefort-sur-Mer, France, and deceased 26 April 1998 (at age 90) in Paris, France.
The Grove Press edition (US, 1965) was translated by editor Richard Seaver (who had lived in France for many years) under the pseudonym Sabine d'Estree and published by Barney Rosset, the publisher of Grove Press[6][7]
Jean Paulhan
Jean Paulhan, who was the author's lover and the person to whom she wrote Story of O in the form of love letters, wrote the preface, "Happiness in Slavery". Paulhan admired the Marquis de Sade's writing and told Desclos that a woman could not write in a similar fashion. Desclos interpreted this as a challenge and wrote the book. Paulhan was so impressed that he sent it to a publisher.[8] Interestingly, in the preface, Paulhan goes out of his way to appear as if he does not know who wrote the book. In one part he says, "But from the beginning to end, the story of O is managed rather like some brilliant feat. It reminds you more of a speech than of a mere effusion; of a letter rather than a secret diary. But to whom is the letter addressed? Whom is the speech trying to convince? Whom can we ask? I don't even know who you are. That you are a woman I have little doubt."[9] Paulhan also explains his own belief that the themes in the book depict the true nature of women. At times, the preface (when read with the knowledge of the relationship between Paulhan and the author), seems to be a continuation of the conversation between them.
Discussing the ending, Paulhan states, "I too was surprised by the end. And nothing you can say will convince me that it is the real end. That in reality (so to speak) your heroine convinces Sir Stephen to consent to her death."
One critic has seen Paulhan's essay as consistent with other themes in his work, including Paulhan's interest in erotica, his "mystification" of love and sexual relationships, and a view of women that is arguably sexist.[10]
Adaptations
Film
American experimental director Kenneth Anger made a 20 mins. short film version, l'Histoire d'O, in 1961.
French director Henri-Georges Clouzot wanted to adapt the novel to film for many years, which was eventually done by director Just Jaeckin in 1975 as Histoire d'O (Story of O) produced by Eric Rochat and Gérard Lorin, starring Corinne Cléry and Udo Kier. The film met with far less acclaim than the book. It was banned in the United Kingdom by the British Board of Film Censors until February 2000.
In 1975, American director Gerard Damiano, well known for Deep Throat (1972) and The Devil in Miss Jones (1973) created the movie The Story of Joanna, highly influenced by the Story of O, by combining the motifs from one of the book's chapters and from Jean-Paul Sartre's No Exit.
In 1979, Danish director Lars von Trier made the short movie entitled Menthe – la bienheureuse, as an homage to Story of O. His 2005 film Manderlay was also inspired by the book, particularly Paulhan's introduction.[11]
Five years later, in 1984, actress Sandra Wey starred as "O" in The Story of O: Part 2, written, directed and produced by Eric Rochat.
In 1992, Brazilian miniseries in 10 episodes with Claudia Cepeda written, directed and produced by director Eric Rochat, who was the producer of the original 1975 movie.
In 2002, another version of O was released, called The Story of O: Untold Pleasures, with Danielle Ciardi playing the title character.
Comics
In 1975, it was adapted for comics by the Italian artist Guido Crepax. Both the original and Crepax's adaptation were parodied for comics in 2007 by Charles Alverson and John Linton Roberson.[12]
Documentaries
Writer of O, a 2004 documentary film by Pola Rapaport, mixed interviews with re-enactments of certain scenes from the book. In the documentary, the real author of Histoire d'O, Dominique Aury (also a pen name), talks about the book A Girl in Love. This book was written about how Story of O was written.
A documentary was also made for BBC Radio 4 entitled The Story of O: The Vice Francaise, presented by Rowan Pelling, former editor of the Erotic Review, which looked at the history of the book and Pauline Réage.
Erotica: A Journey Into Female Sexuality, a documentary by filmmaker Maya Gallus, featured the final interview with 90-year-old Dominique Aury before she died. In the film, she recounts the extraordinary love story behind "Histoire d'O" and marvels that she has reached such a grand age.
In popular culture
In the 1971 film Murmur of the Heart the two main characters (Laurent and Clara) share a conversation about the book.
In the 1971 film The Anderson Tapes Mrs. Hathaway (Judith Lowry) tells the burglars that they should see the sort of book her niece, Miss Kaler (Margaret Hamilton) is hiding in her bedroom - "The Story of O! It's disgusting!".
Edward Gorey's 1961 book The Curious Sofa "[satirizes] The Story of O."[13]
The comic book character Orlando is a blend of several fictional characters with the name Orlando as well as being known during the mid-sixties as O while engaged in sexual games with the descendants of the Silling Castle survivors, according to Alan Moore and Kevin O'Neill's The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen series.
On The Dresden Dolls' album Yes, Virginia..., the piece "Mrs. O" includes reference to the Story of O.
The band Oneida has a song "Story of O", on their album Rated O.
In the 2000 video game Deus Ex, within a game level set in Paris, "O" and "René" can be found in Flat 12, having a conversation laced with subtle sexual and BDSM references.
In Jacqueline Carey's novel Kushiel's Dart, during a grand ball, the main character—a masochist and submissive—dresses as a naked bird, as in the last scene of O.
Tori Amos's song "Glory of the 80s", on her album To Venus and Back, mentions having "The Story of O in my bucket seat of my wanna-be Mustang".
In the TV series Frasier (season 5 episode 3 "Halloween"), Roz Doyle appears as O at a Halloween party.
Warren Zevon's song "Hostage-O", on his album Life'll Kill Ya, was inspired by the depictions of sadomasochism and psychological dependence portrayed in O.
In the 2014 movie That Awkward Moment, characters Jason and Ellie mention the Story of O in one scene.
In Season 2, Episode 3 of Hemlock Grove (TV Series) a secretarial assistant can be seen reading the Story of O.
In Richard Brautigan's 1975 novel Willard and His Bowling Trophies, a couple engages in sexual sadomasochism after reading Story of O.
In James W. Hall's 1987 novel, Under Cover of Daylight, the novel's antagonist reads the Story of O and finds it confirms what he 'always thought about women.'
See also
References
- 1 2 Bedell, Geraldine (24 July 2004). "I wrote the story of O". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 24 March 2008.
- 1 2 3 Destais, Alexandra (2006). "Réage, Pauline". In Brulotte, Gaétan; Philips, John. The Encyclopedia of Erotic Literature. London: Routledge. pp. 1080–1086. ISBN 978-1-57958-441-2.
- ↑ Dworkin, Andrea (1974). Woman Hating: A Radical Look at Sexuality. New York: Dutton. ISBN 0-452-26827-3.
- ↑ Griffin, Susan (1982). "Sadomasochism and the Erosion of Self: A Critical Reading of Story of O". In Linden, R. R. Against Sadomasochism: A Radical Feminist Analysis. East Palo Alto.
- ↑ Smith, Joan (1998). Different for Girls: How Culture Creates Women. London.
- ↑ "The True Story of 'The Story of O' by Pauline Reage". h2g2. 3 November 2006 [13 November 2001]. Retrieved 2012-11-15.
- ↑ Weber, Bruce (7 January 2009). "Richard Seaver, Publisher, Dies at 82". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
- ↑ Ciuraru, Carmela (11 June 2011). "The Story of the Story of O". Guernica. Retrieved 31 December 2013.
- ↑ Story of O. Ballantine Books. p. xxiv.
- ↑ Syrotinski, Michael (1998). Defying Gravity: Jean Paulhan's Interventions in Twentieth-Century French Intellectual History. SUNY Press. pp. 74–75.
- ↑ Bell, Emma (10 October 2005). "Lars von Trier: Anti-American? Me?". The Independent. Retrieved 2015-08-08.
- ↑ Alverson, Charles; Roberson, John (2007). "Story of OH!". Retrieved 2012-11-15.
- ↑ Gardner, Paul (September 19, 1977). "Theater: A Pain in The Neck". New York Magazine. p. 68.
External links
- The complete Story of O website: all about Histoire d'O and Dominique Aury
- Histoire d'O at the Internet Movie Database
- Story of O, the Series at the Internet Movie Database
- The Story of O: Untold Pleasures at the Internet Movie Database
- Writer of O at the Internet Movie Database