History of marketing

The beginnings of digital marketing technology can be traced back to the 1980´s, when computers became sophisticated enough to store huge volumes of customer information (I). For a brief moment, no one knew what would happen in digital marketing, but by the 90´s it all became clear. The history of marketing is to a large extent a product of Internet´s history as markets have adapted to keep abreast of changes and keep up with the way the major Search Engines rank web pages. Major changes include, in chronological order:

1. 1991- Gopher: A network protocol, one of the very first query and search tools. Gopher was widely used for a couple of years, but usage has now fallen off, with barely 100 Gopher servers now indexed. 2. 1994- Launch of Yahoo, which was formerly known as "Jerry´s Guide to the World Wide Web" after one of its founders, Jerry Yang. Yahoo received in its first year over 1 million hits.

The study of the history of marketing as an academic field emerged only recently. Controversies and disputes abound in the field. The publication in 1976 of the book The History of Marketing Thought, by Robert Bartels marks a turning-point in marketing thought. Since then, academics specializing in marketing decided to imitate economics, distinguishing theory and practice. Two different fields of study emerged:

  1. the history of marketing thought, giving theoretical accounts
  2. marketing history, focusing on the history of marketing practice

This division parallels the distinction between the history of economic thought and economic history.[1]

Practitioners of the history of marketing thought note that both practitioners and academics know relatively little about the field. But history has significance for academics because it helps to define the baselines upon which they can recognize change and evolve marketing theory.[2] On the other hand, proponents of marketing history argue that one cannot fully compare the marketing field with economics and hence suggest the impracticality of divorcing theory and practice. First, marketing scholars seldom engage in the practice of marketing as much as economists engage in the development and execution of public policies. Second, business people innovate in the marketing field, and the history of marketing will remain incomplete if one dissociates academia from practitioners.[1]

The following sections discuss both approaches to the history of marketing, closing with a debate about the standard chronology of marketing, a widely known hypothesis about the history of marketing, but one that historians in the marketing field have challenged.

History of marketing thought

The history of marketing thought deals with the evolution of theories in the field of marketing, from the ancient world. Marketing historians agree that the discipline branched out of at the turn of the twentieth century, though some argue that scholars in the ancient and medieval ages had already studied marketing ideas. Marketing can be defined , as “Marketing are activities of a company associated with buying and selling a product or service. It includes advertising, selling and delivering products to people” ("Marketing Definition | Investopedia", 2005). In the business world, when compared to economics, production and operations, accounting and other business areas. “Marketing is a relatively a young discipline having emerged in the 1900s” ("The Role of Marketing - KnowThis.com", 2016). Before this time most of the issues that was portrayed within marketing were either assumed to fall with basic concepts of economics for example “price setting was noted as simple supply/demand issue, advertising (well developed by 1900) or in most cases, simply not yet explored e.g. customer purchase behavior.” ("The Role of Marketing - KnowThis.com", 2016). “Led by marketing scholars from several major universities, the development of marketing was in large part motivated by the need to dissect in greater detail relationships and behaviors that existed between sellers and buyers” ("The Role of Marketing - KnowThis.com", 2016). In particular, the study of marketing led sellers to recognize that adopting certain strategies and tactics could significantly benefit the seller/buyer relationship. During the 1950s, businesses began to see that the old ways of selling and buying were not as sufficient as before, which resulted in a strain relationship with customers ("The Role of Marketing - KnowThis.com", 2016). “With the growth of competition in the industry, most organizations started to look at the buyer’s side of the transactions to improve. With this the organizations found out an emerging new philosophy suggesting that the main factor in marketing is to understand the customers’ needs and what they want” ("The Role of Marketing - KnowThis.com", 2016). Only then should an organization initiate the process of developing and marketing products and services. The marketing concept continues to be at the root of most marketing efforts, though the concept does have its own problems (e.g., does not help much with marketing new technologies) a “discussion of which is beyond the scope of this tutorial. Overall, marketers have learned they can no longer limit their marketing effort to just getting customers to purchase more. They must have an in-depth understanding of who their customers are and what they want” ("The Role of Marketing - KnowThis.com", 2016). When dealing with marketing, it has many advantages and disadvantages. Marketing is a good way of promoting your business, getting the right recognition and attention of the targeted customers across a wide range or a certain market. With the right marketing skills and efforts, it is a great way in improving the business profits and boosting sales. Where there is advantages there is also disadvantages. In marketing, the first disadvantage is the cost. Without clear research, you could end up wasting money. Wasting marketing efforts by targeting the wrong audience using an inappropriate medium would be a serious and costly mistake. Therefore, it is important to do your research beforehand and keep your costs to a minimum. Other disadvantages that effect marketing is that well as financial cost there is also time that plays a major factor in the world of marketing. Without doing a proper analyze and implementing marketing tactics, designing and writing the adverts get them published ("Advantages and Disadvantages of Marketing - TheCompanyWarehouse Blog - Company Formation and Business Startup Advice", 2010). “It’s important to spend time keeping track of how successful or not your marketing campaign is. A potential disadvantage of marketing here is the risk of time wasted for an unsuccessful campaign” ("Advantages and Disadvantages of Marketing - TheCompanyWarehouse Blog - Company Formation and Business Startup Advice", 2010). “The ultimate goal of marketing is to match a company's products and services to the people who need and want them, thereby ensure profitability” ("Marketing Definition | Investopedia", 2005). Marketing is all got to do with getting there message across with appropriate means with the help of printing, advertising, designing and writing.

Periodization

Robert A Bartels in The History of Marketing Thought categorised the development of marketing theory decade by decade from the beginning of the 20th century thus: some of the there in formation is not rightë

With the growth in importance of marketing departments and their associated marketing managers, the field has become ripe for the propagation of management fads which do not always lend themselves to periodization.

Birth of marketing ideas

In pre-modern economies, the predominance of small enterprises militated against the recognition of marketing as a separate field of expertise. Changes in the patterns and intensity of economic activity, as well as the rise of economics as a science, particularly in the 19th century, paved the way for studies of marketing. The growth in size and scope of national and international economies in the course of the Industrial revolution led eventually to a transcendence of ad hoc retailing and advertising innovations and eventually to systematization. Marketing emerged as a separate technical field only in the late 19th century. The OED traces the abstract usage of the word only as far back as 1884.

Traditional schools

Traditional authorities on marketing concentrated on products and on the sale and purchase of goods and services. They paid little attention to areas like after-sales service, and devoted even less attention to social responsibility or to social accountability.

Modern schools

Marketing historians like Eric Shaw and Barton A. Weitz point to the publication of Wroe Alderson's book, Marketing Behavior and Executive Action (1957), as a break-point in the history of marketing thought,[3] moving from the macro functions-institutions-commodities approach to a micromarketing management paradigm. After Alderson, marketing began to incorporate other fields of knowledge besides economics, notably behavioral science, becoming a multidisciplinary field. For some scholars, Alderson's book marks the beginning of the Marketing Management Era.

Unlike economists, marketers have difficulty in organizing the different theories in their discipline into schools of thought. However, some marketing historians like Jagdish Sheth have tried to identify the main concepts behind the work of scholars in the field, grouping their ideas into "marketing schools" such as the following:

Marketing history

Much of traditional marketing practice prior to the twentieth century remained hidebound by rules-of-thumb and lack of information. Information technology, especially since the mid-twentieth century, has given the marketeer new channels of communication as well as enhanced means of aggregating and analyzing marketing data. Specializations have emerged (especially sales versus marketing and advertising versus retailing) and re-combined (business development) over the years. The concept of marketing dates back to ancient times. In Ancient Greece, citizens used the Agora (an open place of assembly) as a forum to gather, make announcements, “muster military campaigns” and discuss issues like politics. Marketing was common practice for merchants and craftsmen, who used the Agora to make and sell their wares. ("Marketing", 2016)

(Mark, Mark & Cartwright, 2016) While marketing has evolved substantially since then, Ancient Greek philosophies remain pivotal to the modern day practice of marketing. Namely, Ancient Greeks were renowned for their persuasion skills: “One’s ability to persuade meant great social prestige in the ancient world.” From this, Persuasion Marketing has evolved. ("The Power of Persuasion", 2016)

Timeline of innovation

Periodization

One marketing standard chronology (Bartels, 1974; Dawson, 1969; Keith, 1960; Kotler and Keller, 2006) subdivides marketing history as follows:

Production orientation

A production orientation dominated business thought from the beginning of capitalism to the mid-1950s, and some argue it still exists in some industries. Business concerned itself primarily with production, manufacturing, and efficiency issues. Say's Law encapsulated this viewpoint, stating: "Supply creates its own demand". To put it another way, "if somebody makes a product, somebody else will want to buy it". This orientation rose to prominence in an environment which had a shortage of manufactured goods relative to demand, so goods sold easily.[12]

Implications of this orientation include:

Some examples:

Relationship orientation

Starting in the 1990s, a new stage of marketing emerged called relationship marketing. The focus of relationship marketing is on a long-term relationship that benefits both the company and the customer.[13] The relationship is based on trust and commitment, and both companies tend to shift their operating activities to be able to work more efficiently together.[14] One of the most prominent reasons for relationship marketing comes from Kotler's idea that it costs about five times more to obtain a new customer than to maintain the relationship with an existing customer.[15]

Sales in relationship marketing should encompass the following: open communication, employee empowerment, customers and the planning process, and teamwork.[14] First, communication is essential in figuring out what the customers need and determining how the firm can satisfy those needs. With open communication, both sides can express what they are trying to do and can work out a way to make it work together. Second, employee empowerment is important so that the employees are able to satisfy customer needs. Without empowerment, they may be limited in their solutions and cannot creatively satisfy needs. Third, customers must be involved in the planning process. Customer input is invaluable, as the customer is the one who will be using the product. If the customer is not satisfied from the beginning, there is no way to gain approval after the product is incorporated. Lastly, relationship marketing must emphasize teamwork. Several people who can help solve customer problems should work together and use their talents to best serve the customers.[14]

While relationship marketing is largely held as the most recent stage of marketing, there is speculation that we are now entering into a new era of marketing called the social/mobile marketing era where companies are connected to customers 24/7.[13]

The societal marketing concept

Main article: Societal marketing

Societal marketing emerged in the 1960s. The societal marketing concept deals with the needs, wants and demands of customers: how to satisfy them by producing superior value that should satisfy the customers and promote the well-being of society. The producer should not produce products deemed hazardous to society.[16]

Societal marketing developed into sustainable marketing.

See also

[17]==References==

  1. 1 2 Hollander, Stanley C.; Rassuli, Kathleen M.;, Jones, D. G. Brian; Dix, Laura Farlow (2005). "Periodization in Marketing History". Journal of Macromarketing 25 (1): 32–41. doi:10.1177/0276146705274982. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
  2. ↑ Jones, Brian D. G.; Shaw, Eric H. (2006). "A History of Marketing Thought". Handbook of Marketing. Weitz, Barton A.; Wensley, Robin (editors). Sage. pp. 582 pages. ISBN 1-4129-2120-1.
  3. ↑ Bartels, Robert (1988). The History of Marketing Thought (3rd. ed.). Columbus: Publishing Horizons.
  4. ↑ truth
  5. ↑ http://www.faculty.missouristate.edu/c/ChuckHermans/Bartels.htm
  6. ↑ Jenkinson, A. (2006) Do organisations now understand the importance of information in providing excellent customer experience? Journal of Database Marketing & Customer Strategy Management. v13 n4. p248-260
  7. ↑ Schultz, D. E. (1991) Integrated Marketing Communications: The Status of Integrated Marketing Communications Programs in the US Today, Journal of Promotion Management, 1, 1, 99-104
  8. ↑ Pickton, D. and Broderick, A., (2005, 2nd edn) Integrated Marketing Communications, Financial Times/Prentice Hall, Harlow, England
  9. ↑ Chapter 1 in Payne, A. (2008) Handbook of CRM: Achieving Excellence in Customer Management. Butterworth Heinemann, Burlington, MA
  10. ↑ See www.centreforintegratedmarketing.com at the University of Bedfordshire, England
  11. ↑ Iacobucci, D., and Calder, B., (eds), (2003) Kellogg on Integrated Marketing, John Wiley & Sons Inc, Hoboken, NJ
  12. ↑ "Marketing Management: Analysis, Planning, Implementation and Control", Philip Kotler, Prentice Hall, 1997 p.17
  13. 1 2 White, D. Steven. "The Evolution of Marketing". Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  14. 1 2 3 Spiro, Roseann; Gregory Rich; William Stanton (2008). Management of a Sales Force (12th ed.). McGraw-Hill Irwin. ISBN 978-0-07-352977-6.
  15. ↑ McClintic Marion, Allison. "Marketing: Historical Perspectives". Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  16. ↑ "The History of Marketing and how it’s Changing". jdpglobal.com. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
  17. ↑ History of Marketing - KnowThis.com. (2016). Knowthis.com. Retrieved 1 April 2016, from http://www.knowthis.com/what-is-marketing/history-of-marketing

[1]

  1. ↑ Advantages and Disadvantages of Marketing - TheCompanyWarehouse Blog - Company Formation and Business Startup Advice. (2010). TheCompanyWarehouse Blog. Retrieved 1 April 2016, from http://blog.thecompanywarehouse.co.uk/2010/11/02/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-marketing/
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Thursday, April 07, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.