Holualoa Bay
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Holualoa 4 Archeological District Kamoa Point Complex | |
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Kamoa Point on Hōlualoa Bay | |
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| Location | Aliʻi Drive, Kailua-Kona, Hawaii |
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| Coordinates | 19°36′7.78″N 155°58′29.4″W / 19.6021611°N 155.974833°WCoordinates: 19°36′7.78″N 155°58′29.4″W / 19.6021611°N 155.974833°W |
| Area | 28.4 acres (115,000 m2) |
| Built | 1300 - 1800 |
| Architectural style | Ancient Hawaii |
| NRHP Reference # |
83000247 05000542 |
| Added to NRHP | June 8, 2005[1] |
Hōlualoa Bay is a historic area between Kailua-Kona and Keauhou Bay in the Kona District of the Big Island of Hawaiʻi. The community now called Hōlualoa is uphill (mauka in the Hawaiian Language) from this bay. The name means "long slide" in the Hawaiian Language,[2] from the long trail that went from a forest on the slopes of Hualālai (where the village is now), to a site where the logs were made into canoes (on the grounds of Sadie Seymour Botanical Gardens) into this bay where a large royal building complex was built over several centuries.
History
Keakealaniwahine, one of the first known Aliʻi Aimoku wahine ("Queens") of the entire island of Hawaiʻi, built a large complex of buildings here in the seventeenth century, with the area settled several hundred years before that.[3] The royal complex included residential areas, as well as Heiaus (ancient temples) called Hikapaia (for plentiful food and fish) and Hualani (for teaching about medicinal herbs), and burial areas. [4] Keakamahana, the mother of Keakealaniwahine, was the first named royalty to live here. This area (uphill or mauka of Aliʻi drive) was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 8, 2005, as the Holualoa 4 Archeological District with site number 05000542.[1] It is State Archeological site number 50-10-37-23.661.
The Kamoa Point Complex, the area West of Aliʻi drive on the south side of the bay, included a temple for surfers, called the Haleʻaʻama Heiau, and a large ancient sports complex named after chiefess Keolonāhihi, thought to have lived circa 1300. Here warriers could practice their skills. [5] Some legends say Keolonāhihi was the daughter of Paʻao, the (perhaps mythical) priest who brought the Hawaiian Religion from a distant land. It was added to over the years, including a terraced grandstand to watch surfing contests.
Kamehameha I, the great-great grandson of Keakealaniwahine, probably learned to surf here in his youth.[1] When he came to power he lived further north in Kamakahonu but continued to maintain a temple here called Hale O Kaili to the war god Kūkailimoku. Although this Hōlualoa was for the practical purpose of building canoes, sliding down the lava rock evolved into a favorite sport of the upper class called heʻe hōlua. Kamehameha constructed a large ramp purely for the sport a few miles further south known as the Keauhou Holua Slide, some of which is preserved.
The complex on the point was originally added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 14, 1983 as site 83000247. It is state site 10-37-2059, added November 2, 1977.[6]
Decline
After the death of Kamehameha I in 1819, the royalty converted to Christianity and deconstructed many of the old temples. William Ellis toured the area in 1823, and recorded ruins with holes that had "idols removed" but were otherwise well preserved.[7] He described one enclosure as two hundred seventy feet by two hundred ten feet. The place at the time was called Kaluaokalani but this name was unknown on later visits.[8] The number of different names used through the years has added to confusion about the site.
In the Great Mahele of 1848, the area became privately owned. The small beach trail was widened into a larger highway later in the 19th century, bisecting the complex. Some farming and cattle grazing in the early 20th century damaged some features, and a few private homes were built. A developer bought some of the land in 1956 with plans to build a hotel, but only a few small vacation homes were built due to local opposition. In 1973, a survey was done for a project variously known as "Aliʻi Drive realignment", "Kahului-Keauhou Parkway", or "Aliʻi Parkway", which has been on hold for decades.[9] Another proposed road project through the area, Lako Street has been re-routed slightly to avoid some major sites (also on hold as of 2009).[4] In 2010, a four story condominium complex was proposed, greeted with local opposition.[10]
On the north side of the bay in the 19th century, a small Christian church was built called Hale Halawai O Holualoa. It was restored in the 1990s and now known as the "Living Stones Church".
Recreation
The north side of the bay has a lava ridge that produces a popular surf break known as "Banyans",[11] even though no Banyan trees remain. There are small patches of coral sand, but the hazardous waves and currents can be dangerous to all but advanced surfers. Banyans is the site a surf contest, usually in February.[12] The south side of the bay, along Kamoa Point, has a left surf break called "Lyman's", named for former resident Howard Lyman,[13] favored among all surfers.[14] It was the subject of a song "Laimana" composed by Lei Collins in 1956.[15]
The State purchased some land at Kamoa Point in 1990 to develop the area as Keolonāhihi State Historical Park and some clearing work has been done,[16] but as of 2009 it has only a narrow public access trail. An environmental impact statement was filed in 1995, and an additional 16 acres (65,000 m2) in the Hōlualoa 4 area on the East of Aliʻi Drive was donated in 1998.[3] The property had been foreclosed upon by First Hawaiian Bank, when it was realized a Senior Vice President of the Bank was a descendant of Keakealaniwahine.[17] One more parcel of 1.25 acres (5,100 m2) was purchased in 2005.[18]
See also
References
- 1 2 3 Martha Yent (February 15, 2003). "Hōlualoa 4 Archaeological District nomination form for site 05000542" (PDF). National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. Retrieved 2009-12-28.
- ↑ John R. K. Clark (2004). "lookup of Hōlualoa ". in Hawai'i Place Names: Shores, Beaches, and Surf Sites. Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library, University of Hawaii Press. Retrieved September 21, 2010.
- 1 2 Environmental Assessment of Lako Street Extension on County of Hawaiʻi official web site
- 1 2 Archaeological Mitigation Measures for Lako Street extension, produced by Haun and Associates, March 2003, on County of Hawaiʻi official web site
- ↑ Map of Keolonahihi Enclosure by Henry Kekehuna in Bishop Museum collection
- ↑ National and State Register of Historic Places on official County of Hawaiʻi web site
- ↑ William Ellis, Narrative of a Tour Through Hawaii, Or, Owhyhee, published by H. Fisher, son, and P. Jackson, second edition, 1827
- ↑ Lloyd J. Soehren (2010). "lookup of Kaluaokalani ". in Hawaiian Place Names. Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library. Retrieved September 21, 2010.
- ↑ Kailua to Keauhou Parkway project information on Hawaiʻi County web site
- ↑ Erin Miller (August 24, 2010). "Surfers, residents pan condo proposal at Lyman's surf spot". West Hawaii Today. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
- ↑ John R. K. Clark (2004). "lookup of Banyans ". in Hawai'i Place Names: Shores, Beaches, and Surf Sites. Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library, University of Hawaii Press. Retrieved September 21, 2010.
- ↑ Big Island Chapter of Hawaii Surfing Association official web site
- ↑ John R. K. Clark (2004). "lookup of Lyman's ". in Hawai'i Place Names: Shores, Beaches, and Surf Sites. Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library, University of Hawaii Press. Retrieved September 21, 2010.
- ↑ Shoreline access map at Hawaiʻi County web site
- ↑ John R. K. Clark (November 1985). Beaches of the Big Island. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 105–106. ISBN 978-0-8248-0976-8.
- ↑ "Keolonahihi opening to public" in West Hawaii Today, February 2, 2007
- ↑ Preserving the Historic Keakealaniwahine Complex in Kona article in Coffee Times Summer 2000
- ↑ Rod Thompson (May 13, 2005). "State to purchase historical site". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved September 21, 2010.
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