Hamate bone

Hamate bone
Left hand anterior view (palmar view). Hamate bone shown in red.
The left hamate bone
Details
Articulations	Articulates with five bones: the lunate proximally the fourth and fifth metacarpals distally the triangular medially the capitate laterally
Identifiers
Latin	Os hamatum
MeSH	A02.835.232.087.319.150.400
Dorlands /Elsevier	o_07/12598356
TA	A02.4.08.012
FMA	23730
Anatomical terms of bone [edit on Wikidata]

The hamate bone (/ˈheɪmət/) or unciform bone (from Latin uncus, "hook") is a bone in the human wrist readily distinguishable by its wedge shape and a hook-like process ("hamulus") projecting from its palmar surface.

Structure

The hamate is an irregularly shaped carpal bone found within the hand. The hamate is found within the distal row of carpal bones, and abuts the metacarpals of the little finger and ring finger.^{[1]:708–709}

Adjacent to the hamate on the ulnar side, and slightly above it, is the pisiform bone. Adjacent on the radial side is the capitate, and proximal is the lunate.^{[1]:708–709}

Surfaces

The hamate bone has six surfaces:

• The superior, the apex of the wedge, is narrow, convex, smooth, and articulates with the lunate.
• The inferior articulates with the fourth and fifth metacarpal bones, by concave facets which are separated by a ridge.
• The dorsal is triangular and rough for ligamentous attachment.
• The palmar presents, at its lower and ulnar side, a curved, hook-like process, the hamulus, directed forward and laterally.
• The medial articulates with the triangular bone by an oblong facet, cut obliquely from above, downward and medialward.
• The lateral articulates with the capitate by its upper and posterior part, the remaining portion being rough, for the attachment of ligaments.

Hook

Hamate bone of the left hand. Hamulus shown in red.

The hook of hamate (Latin: hamulus) is found at the proximal, ulnar side of the hamate bone. The hook is a curved, hook-like process that projects 1–2 cm distally and radially.^[2]

The hook forms the ulnar border of the carpal tunnel, and the radial border for Guyon's canal. Numerous ligaments attach to it, including ligaments from the pisiform, the transverse carpal ligament, and the tendon of Flexor carpi ulnaris.^[2]

Its medial surface to the flexor digiti minimi brevis and opponens digiti minimi; its lateral side is grooved for the passage of the flexor tendons into the palm of the hand.

Development

The ossification of the hamate starts between 1 and 12 months.^[3] The hamate does not fully ossify until about the 15th year of life.^[2]

In animals

The bone is also found in many other mammals, and is homologous with the "fourth distal carpal" of reptiles and amphibians.

Function

The carpal bones function as a unit to provide a bony superstructure for the hand.^[1]:708

Clinical significance

The hamate bone is the bone most commonly fractured when a golfer hits the ground hard with a golf club on the downswing. The fracture is usually a hairline fracture, commonly missed on normal X-rays. Symptoms are pain aggravated by gripping, tenderness over the hamate and symptoms of irritation of the ulnar nerve. This is characterized by numbness and weakness of the pinkie finger with partial involvement of the ring finger as well, the "ulnar 1½ fingers".

The hook of hamate is particularly prone to fracture-related complications such as non-union due to its "tenuous" blood supply.^[2]

It is also a common injury in baseball players. Several professional baseball players have had the bone removed during the course of their careers.^{[4][5][6][7][8]} This condition has been called "Wilson's Wrist".^[9]

The calcification of the unciform bone is seen on X-rays during puberty and is sometimes used in orthodontics to determine if an adolescent patient is suitable for orthognathic intervention (i.e. before or at their growth spurt).

Notable cases

Baseball

• Gordon Beckham, Chicago White Sox second baseman (2013)^[10]
• Domonic Brown, Philadelphia Phillies outfielder (2011)
• Jose Canseco, Oakland Athletics outfielder (1989)
• Ken Griffey, Jr., Seattle Mariners outfielder (1996)
• David Ortiz, Boston Red Sox DH (1998)
• Eric Hinske, Atlanta Braves first baseman (2003)
• Ryan Kalish, Boston Red Sox outfielder (2007)^[11]
• Ryan Lavarnway, Boston Red Sox catcher-first baseman (2014) ^[12]
• Nick Markakis, Baltimore Orioles outfielder (2012)^[13]
• Luis Matos, Baltimore Orioles outfielder (2002)^[14]
• Dustin Pedroia, Boston Red Sox second baseman (2007)^[15]
• Wilson Ramos, Washington Nationals catcher (2014)^[16]
• Pablo Sandoval, San Francisco Giants third baseman (2011, right; 2012, left)^[17]
• Giancarlo Stanton, Miami Marlins right fielder (2015)
• Jim Thome, Cleveland Indians first baseman (1996)
• Troy Tulowitzki, Colorado Rockies shortstop (2010)
• Ryan Zimmerman, Washington Nationals third baseman (2007)^[18]
• Mike Zunino, Seattle Mariners catcher (2013)^[19]

Other

• Dylan Dreyer, NBC meteorologist (2015)^[20]

Etymology

The etymology derives from the Latin hamatus "hooked," from hamus which means "hook".

Additional images

• 

  Position of hamate bone (shown in red). Left hand. Animation.

• 

  Hamate bone of the left hand. The hook-like process is called hamulus.

• 

  Hamate bone.

• 

  Right hand anterior view (palmar view). Thumb on top.

• 

  Right hand posterior view (dorsal view). Thumb on bottom.

• 

  Bones of the left hand. Palmar surface. Hamate shown in yellow.

• 

  Bones of the left hand. Dorsal surface. Hamate shown in yellow.

• 

  Transverse section across the wrist and digits. Hamate shown in yellow.

• 

  Cross section of wrist (thumb on left). Hamate shown in red.

• 

  Right wrist joint. Deep dissection. Anterior (palmar) view.

See also

• Carpal bone

References

This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)

1. Drake, Richard L.; Vogl, Wayne; Tibbitts, Adam W.M. Mitchell; illustrations by Richard; Richardson, Paul (2005). Gray's anatomy for students. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 978-0-8089-2306-0.
2. Eathorne, SW (March 2005). "The wrist: clinical anatomy and physical examination—an update.". Primary care 32 (1): 17–33. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2004.11.009. PMID 15831311.
3. Balachandran, Ajay; Kartha, Moumitha; Krishna, Anooj; Thomas, Jerry; K, Prathilash; TN, Prem; GK, Libu; B, Krishnan; John, Liza (2014). "A Study of Ossification of Capitate, Hamate, Triquetral & Lunate in Forensic Age Estimation". Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology 8 (2): 218–224. doi:10.5958/0973-9130.2014.00720.8. ISSN 0973-9130. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
4. Snow, Chris (June 1, 2006). "Peña to have surgery". The Boston Globe. Retrieved September 2, 2011.
5. Manuel, John (March 31, 2004). "Wrist Troubles Drain Prospects' Power". Baseball America. Retrieved September 2, 2011.
6. Benjamin, Amalie (July 27, 2007). "He's gaining in arms race". The Boston Globe. Retrieved September 2, 2011.
7. "Dickerson has hand, wrist surgery". ESPN. Associated Press. May 3, 2010. Retrieved September 2, 2011.
8. Carobine, Kieran (March 8, 2011). "Domonic Brown’s Surgery A Success". Phillies Nation. Retrieved September 2, 2011.
9. WILSON JN. Profiles of the carpal canal. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1954 Jan;36-A(1):127–132
10. "Sox's Beckham fractures wrist bone, out six weeks". Chicago Tribune. April 11, 2013. Retrieved April 30, 2013.
11. "On Baseball: Kalish draws inspiration from Anderson's re-emergence". The Portland Press Herald / Maine Sunday Telegram. May 2, 2010. Retrieved June 2, 2014.
12. "Ryan Lavarnway: Diagnosed With Broken Hamate Bone". rotowire.com. Retrieved June 2, 2014.
13. "Markakis faces surgery for broken hamate bone". MLB. May 31, 2012. Retrieved May 31, 2012.
14. Christensen, Joe. "Matos has another bad break". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved May 3, 2013.
15. "Pedroia played final month, playoffs with cracked hamate bone". ESPN. November 10, 2007. Retrieved September 2, 2011.
16. Snyder, Matt. "April 1, 2014". Cbssports.com. Retrieved June 2, 2014.
17. Schulman, Henry (May 4, 2012). "Pablo Sandoval – same injury, other hand". The San Francisco Chronicle.
18. "Zimmerman likely to have surgery after breaking bone in wrist". ESPN. November 6, 2007. Retrieved April 2, 2014.
19. Axisa, Mike. "July 26, 2013". Cbssports.com. Retrieved June 2, 2014.
20. "self-reported on Twitter". Twitter. May 16, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2015.