Horace Mann School

For other schools named for Horace Mann, see Horace Mann School (disambiguation).
Horace Mann School

Magna est veritas et prævalet
Great is the truth and it prevails[1]
Address
231 West 246th St.
New York City, New York 10471
United States
Information
Type Private, college-prep, day
Established 1887 (1887)
Head of school Thomas M. Kelly
Grades Nursery, kindergarten–12th
Enrollment approx. 1,800[1]
Campus Urban and suburban
Color(s) Maroon and white
Athletics conference Ivy Prep
NYSAISAA
Team name Lions
Newspaper The Record
Yearbook The Mannikin
Affiliations New York Interschool
Website HoraceMann.org

Horace Mann School (also known as Horace Mann or HM) is an independent college preparatory school in New York City, founded in 1887. Horace Mann is a member of the Ivy Preparatory School League, educating students from all across the New York tri-state area from nursery school to the twelfth grade. The Upper, Middle, and Lower Divisions are located in Riverdale, a neighborhood of the Bronx, while the Nursery School is located in Manhattan. The John Dorr Nature Laboratory, a 275 acres (1.11 km2) campus in Washington Depot, Connecticut, serves as the school's outdoor and community education center. Tuition for the 2014–15 school year is $43,300 from nursery through twelfth grade, making it the second most expensive private school in New York City. Forbes magazine ranked Horace Mann as the second best preparatory school in the country in 2010.

Motto and mascot

Horace Mann's motto is Magna est veritas et prævalet, a Latin phrase meaning "Great is the truth, and it prevails". The phrase comes from the King James version of the Old Testament, whose contemporary translation is "Magna est veritas et prævalebit," or will prevail. The school also remains steadfastly dedicated to five core values: The Life of the Mind, Mature Behavior, Mutual Respect, A Secure and Healthful Environment, and A Balance Between Individual Achievement & A Caring Community.[2] The school mascot is a lion, possibly a holdover from the days when the school was associated with Columbia University, whose mascot is also a lion. The swimming and water polo teams have adopted the sea lion as their unofficial mascots, and the varsity ski team has the mountain lion.

History

Main entrance

The school was founded in 1887 by Nicholas Murray Butler as a co-educational experimental and developmental unit of Teachers College at Columbia University.[3] Its first location was a building at 9 University Place in Manhattan's Greenwich Village. The school moved in 1901 to 120th Street in Morningside Heights.[3] Columbia University followed suit soon afterwards, moving north to its present campus. The name of the school can still be seen on the northern-most building at the Columbia campus, named Horace Mann Hall, after education reformer Horace Mann. However, Horace Mann was becoming a school in its own right instead of a teaching laboratory, and it became more independent of the Columbia University and Teachers College. The Teachers College therefore created the Lincoln School, located on 110th Street, across the street from Central Park, to continue its experiments in teaching.

The school split into separate all-male and all-female schools and in 1914, the Boys' School moved to 246th Street in Riverdale, Bronx, and during the 1940s it severed formal ties with Columbia University and became Horace Mann School.[3] The Horace Mann School for Girls remained at Teachers College, and then merged with the Lincoln School in 1940, and finally closed in 1946.[3]

The New York School for Nursery Years (founded in 1954 on 90th Street in Manhattan) became the Horace Mann School for Nursery Years in 1968, and was co-ed.[3] In 1972, Horace Mann merged with the Barnard School for Boys, next door in Riverdale, to form the Horace Mann-Barnard Lower School for kindergarten through grade six, located on the former Barnard School campus. At that point, only the lower school was mixed.[3] In 1975, the Horace Mann School returned to its roots as a co-educational learning environment and began admitting girls to the Upper School.[3] The Class of 1976 is Horace Mann School's last all-male class. In 1999, the sixth grade moved from the Horace Mann-Barnard campus to the main 246th Street campus and formed a distinct Middle Division along with the seventh and eighth grades.

Sexual abuse scandal

Initial reports

On June 6, 2012, The New York Times Magazine published an extensive article by former student Amos Kamil, class of 1982, alleging multiple instances of sexual abuse of students by teachers at the school. The incidents occurred during the 1970s to the 1990s. The article also addressed how school administrators over time dealt with the incidents, both within the school community and, in the case of one teacher, Stanley Kops, in a post-employment reference. The affected students were identified by partial name or letter and many administrators and board members had limited or no comment. New York State statute of limitations in most or all of the incidents addressed ran out when the former students turned 23. Several of the central figures were deceased, at least two by suicide—one of the accused, Stan Kops, and one of the students.[4] Another of the accused teachers, Johannes Somary, a music teacher, died in 2011.[5]

The Times article elicited a large response. The paper's website took over 780 comments and the writer received over 1,000 e-mails and other communications, "about half of them from former Horace Mann students, teachers and administrators. [He] said he heard in [the first few] days from about a dozen victims who had never spoken publicly about their experiences. Some claimed they had been abused by the teachers named in his article; others accused teachers who had not been publicly named. A writer [Kate Aurthur] for The Daily Beast posted an account of her own experiences of abuse at the school".[6] Two private Facebook groups were started, more notably Processing Horace Mann, limited to Horace Mann alums, which grew quickly to over 2,000 members, but limited to about 20 active members. "Many commented on how the Facebook group was the most meaningful experience they had ever had in social media...'It is cathartic in that it helps you understand a little bit what happened'", one of the group's administrators told the paper. Head of School Kelly promised to address "alumni most in need" and to pursue "a well thought out process" with board involvement.[7][8]

On June 23, 2012, The New York Times reported that Tek Young Lin, Horace Mann's former chaplain who also served as an English teacher and track coach, admitted that he had had sexual relations with his students.[9]

Hilltop Cares Foundation

As a result of the sexual abuse and resulting controversy, the Hilltop Cares Foundation, founded in summer 2012, was formed by members of the Horace Mann community, including alumnae Marjorie Kaufman and Joe Rose, to help victims from the school and to promote healing.[10] The charitable organization helps alumni with their therapy costs and studies related issues in the broader community.[11] It is a nonprofit and is independent of the school’s administration and board of trustees.[12] The Chair for Hilltop Cares, Kaufman, explained that Hilltop Cares plans to “provide support for alumni who suffered abuse at the school years ago, to support their therapy, as well as to bring about some healing to the whole Horace Mann community."[10]

Negotiations

In March 2013, the school was reportedly in negotiation with more than thirty students for compensation related to the abuse claims.[13] Eighteen different faculty members had been accused, and events spanning four decades identified, going into the compensation mediation.[5] In March 2013, The New Yorker published an article by Marc Fisher discussing sexual abuse allegations against a former Horace Mann English teacher, Robert Berman.[5] In April, The New York Times reported the school had reached a settlement with about 27 of the 37 students identified as having been abused. The school formally apologized on May 24 to the community for the events that had occurred and published the actions the school has taken and protocols which were put in place to protect current and future students.[14]

Prior to the April 2013 settlement, a student known as John Doe, who was dissatisfied with the mediation process, filed a lawsuit against Horace Mann in New Jersey alleging that he had been sexually abused by Johannes Somary, his music teacher from 1969 to 1975.[15] John Doe, having been sexually abused mostly in New Jersey, where the statute of limitations for sexual abuse is more liberal than in New York, filed a lawsuit on his behalf in Bergen County, New Jersey.[16] Horace Mann filed a pre-answer motion to dismiss John Doe's complaint, claiming New Jersey courts lacked jurisdiction over the school, which is located in New York. On March 7, 2014, a Bergen County judge ruled that New Jersey has specific jurisdiction over Horace Mann due to its numerous contacts within the state.[17] On April 3, 2015, the Wall Street Journal reported that the school had settled with John Doe, reportedly for somewhere between ten and fifteen million dollars.[18]

Institution

Nursery school
Middle and Upper School

The school is a private "nonprofit organization under the Education Law of New York State and holds a charter from the New York State Board of Regents [and is] a 501(c) 3 [tax-exempt] organization authorized by the Internal Revenue Service".[1] Its public-relations firm is Kekst and Company. The chair of the board of trustees is Steven M. Friedman.[5]

Divisions

There are four divisions of Horace Mann, all co-educational: a Nursery Division (three-year-olds through kindergarten) located on 90th Street in Manhattan, a Lower Division (kindergarten through fifth grades) on the Horace Mann campus on Tibbett Avenue in Riverdale, a Middle Division (sixth through eighth grades) on the 246th Street campus in Riverdale, and an Upper Division (ninth through twelfth grades) also on the 246th Street campus. There is also the John Dorr Nature Laboratory, located on 275 acres (1.11288 km2) of land in Washington Depot, Connecticut, used for extended field trips for classes of students starting in second grade and an orientation program for new students entering the Middle or Upper Divisions. The Dorr facility was recently renovated and is currently LEED-certified by the U.S. Green Building Council.

Current tuition for students in the Lower Division through the Upper Division is approximately $40,000 a year.[19] Financial aid at the school is based on need; no merit scholarships are awarded. For the 2012–2013 academic year, 16.4% of the students received more than $8.3 million in aid.[19]

Each division of the school has its own Division Head. The Middle and Upper Divisions have separate student government bodies. The entire school is overseen by a Head of School. The ninth and current Head is Thomas M. Kelly, who previously served as Superintendent of Schools in Valhalla, New York. Kelly succeeded Dr. Eileen Mullady (who is currently the head of the Pacific Ridge School in Carlsbad, CA), on July 1, 2005. Formerly of Princeton University and the Lawrenceville School,[20] Dr. Mullady was the namesake of one of the new buildings erected under her term. Prior to Mullady, the long-standing Head was the late R. Inslee Clark, Jr., previously Dean of Undergraduate Admissions at Yale University.

The current Horace Mann Nursery Division Head is Marcia Levy, who replaced Patricia Zuroski when she was appointed to the position of Director of Diversity Initiatives. The current Lower Division Head is Wendy Steinthal, replacing Steven B. Tobolsky, who departed in June 2007 to run the Chestnut Hill School outside Boston. The current Middle Division Head is Robin Ann Ingram, and the current Upper Division head is Dr. David Schiller. Glenn Sherratt is the current Director of the John Dorr Nature Laboratory.[3]

Academics

The school offers 20 Advanced Placement courses, 26 Honors courses, and 6 foreign languages. Its 260 faculty members hold 166 master's degrees and 27 doctoral degrees.[1]

Students in the Upper Division are required to study English, world history, United States history, biology, chemistry, or physics or both, geometry, algebra, and trigonometry, and also meet various requirements in the arts, computer science, health and counseling, and physical education. Students must go beyond these basic requirements in at least some, if not all, subjects. They are also required to take at least through the levels-three courses of either Chinese, French, Italian, Japanese, Latin, or Spanish.

Starting in eleventh grade, students have more flexibility with their requirements and can choose from courses in biotechnology, calculus, economics, ethics, psychology, religion, political philosophy, United States legal history, and statistics, among other elective classes.

Independent Study and Senior Projects, where students create their own coursework and present their findings in weekly meetings, are also common. Additionally, many students develop original research projects with faculty at nearby universities, including Columbia University, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York University, and Rockefeller University.

Arts

The school's arts program includes courses in the performing and visual arts. At least 1.5 arts credits are required for graduation, with at least one half-credit course in performance/studio arts and one half-credit course in art history/appreciation. Horace Mann has numerous ensembles, which include the Orchestra, String Sinfonietta, Glee Club, Chamber Choir Jazz Combo, Steel Drum Ensemble, and Chamber and Symphonic Winds. Each ensemble performs at least three to four concerts per year, including past performances at Carnegie Hall, Symphony Space, and Alice Tully Hall of Lincoln Center, culminating in a trip abroad over the summer. Recent trips have taken the Glee Club and Orchestra to Argentina, Belgium, Italy, France, and Uruguay. The Jazz Band has performed at many famous jazz clubs including Birdland and B. B. King's.

Non-academic requirements

All students are required to take American Red Cross CPR certification, as well as a swim test, in order to graduate. Horace Mann students are also required to complete at least 80 hours of community service, with at least 40 hours in ninth and tenth grades and 40 hours in eleventh and twelfth.[1] In eighth grade, one out-of-school project or three in-school projects are necessary for graduation to the ninth grade; in sixth and seventh grades a homeroom project is done cooperatively. In the Lower and Nursery Divisions, there is an annual "Caring-in-Action" day dedicated to community service that students and their families can attend.

Admission

Admission is selective with decisions based on recent grades, an interview, and the candidate's score on either the ISEE or SSAT test. The largest point of entry is in sixth grade, with between 50 and 55 places available each year. In the ninth grade, 40 to 45 new students are traditionally enrolled.[21] A smaller number of students are accepted in other grades, although there are no admissions to the twelfth grade.

Rankings

"Forbes" magazine ranked Horace Mann as the second best preparatory school in the country in 2010.[22] In regards to admission to selective colleges, The Wall Street Journal ranked HM fourth, and Worth magazine ranked it seventh.[23]

Student life

Co-curricular include clubs that provide the students with an opportunity to produce publications, hone their debating skills, participate in activism and much more. Among the many clubs are:

  • Amnesty International
  • Anime Club
  • Business League
  • Chamber Choir
  • Chess Club
  • Computer Science Club
  • Dance Company (HMDC)
  • Debate Team
  • East Wind West Wind (Asian Culture Club)
  • Fashion Design Club
  • French Club
  • Fusion Club
  • Gay-straight alliance (Quiltbag)
  • GreenHM (Environmental Club)
  • Habitat for Humanity
  • The HarMannics (A cappella group)
  • Ideas and Questions (Philosophy Club)
  • Italian Club
  • Inner city Hope
  • Japanese Club
  • Jewish Culture Club
  • Junior Statesmen of America (JSA)
  • Knowledge Masters
  • Manualism Club (Horacemanualism)
  • Maroon Monsoon (Pep Rally Club)
  • Math Team
  • Mock Trial
  • Model Congress (MC)
  • Model United Nations (MUN)
  • Music Outreach
  • Outdoor Club
  • Political Society
  • Ping Pong Club
  • Psychology Club
  • Programming Club
  • The Red Cross Club
  • Russian Club
  • Shakespeare Club
  • Ski Club
  • Spanish Club
  • Sunshine Mail
  • Theatre Company (HMTC)
  • The Union (Diversity Club)
  • Women's Issues Club
  • Robotics Club

School government

The main branch of the school government is called the Community Council, an open forum that includes members of the Faculty, four elected officials from each grade, and leaders of certain clubs. There is also a yearly campaign and "election", during which the entire upper division votes for two rising seniors to be the co-Student Body Presidents (SBP) during their senior year. In the Middle Division, a system is in place called HM Lead where the school government is broken up into sub sections. These include Student Activities, Peer Mentoring, Student Concerns, Service Learning, Diversity, and Sustainability.

Student publications

Horace Mann also has a significant number of student publications. Many of them have won national awards. Prominent publications include:

The Record, established in 1903, is the weekly, student-run newspaper. Throughout its history, it has won national journalism awards and has been staffed by students who went on to become distinguished journalists and authors, including Pulitzer Prize winners Anthony Lewis (class of 1944), Richard Kluger (class of 1952), Robert Caro (class of 1953) and David Leonhardt (class of 1990). In 1954, the school made national headlines for translating a copy of The Record into Russian and distributing it in the USSR. The purpose of the exercise was to show Russian schoolchildren what life in America was like. The staff purposely kept in an article about the Horace Mann soccer team's losing one of its games to demonstrate the operation of an independent free press.[24][25] The American Scholastic Press Association twice honored The Record as the "Best High School Weekly Newspaper" for 2001–2002 (Volume 99) and 2003–2004 (Volume 101). It was also named a National Pacemaker in 2004 (Volume 101) and in 2006 was a Columbia Scholastic Press Association Gold Medalist (Volume 103). The Record is published every Friday during the academic year.

The Horace Mann Review, now in its twenty-fifth volume, is an entirely student-run journal of opinion on current events, politics, public policy, and culture. Founded in 1991, The Review covers issues from unique, analytical, and otherwise unexamined perspectives. Students contribute editorial-style pieces on the contemporary political and social issues that are shaping our world. It prints roughly 8 times annually, with each issue highlighting a timely Features topic. The publication has paying subscribers throughout the nation and abroad and has been the recipient of numerous awards for excellence in journalism. In April 2001, the American Scholastic Press Association (ASPA) honored the Review with its award for Best Magazine. The Review's 2005–2006 volume was honored with a first-place finish in the American Scholastic Press Awards critique. In 2007, The Review was a finalist for the National Scholastic Press Association's Magazine Pacemaker of the Year award, the highest honor in high school journalism.[26] The Review was again awarded the ASPA's Best Magazine Award in 2009 for its eighteenth volume and in 2012 for its twenty-first volume. Its twenty-second volume won the ASPA's First place with Special Merit award and the Outstanding Theme award (for the political magazine category) in 2013.

The Mannikin is the yearbook of the Horace Mann School. Traditional sections include Student Life, Underclassmen, Seniors (each graduate receives a half-page to design as they wish), Athletics, Faculty, and Advertisements. At 560 pages, the Mannikin is one of the largest high school yearbooks in New York State. In addition, the Mannikin has won numerous awards from the American Scholastic Press Association.

Other school publications include: Spectrum, the scientific research magazine, Folio 51, the magazine dedicated to gender issues, Pixelated, the video-game, television and media publication, The Business Mann, the business and finance publication, Manuscript and Word, the creative poetry and prose publications respectively, Insight, the photography publication, Edible, the culinary publication, Images, an art magazine, the Thespian, a theatre publication, Cinemann, a magazine related to current movies, Lola's Kitchen, a one-page periodical published by the Gay Straight Alliance, InsideOut, a health publication, and FAD Magazine, a fashion magazine. In addition, a literary-arts magazine called Muse, featuring the work of Middle School students, is published each year.

Athletics

Interscholastic leagues

Horace Mann School is a part of the Ivy Preparatory School League, a division of the greater New York State Association of Independent Schools (NYSAIS), which comprises all the private schools in the New York State. Fieldston, Riverdale, and Horace Mann together are known as the "Hill Schools", as all three are located within two miles (3 km) of each other in the Riverdale-Fieldston section of the Bronx, on a hill above Van Cortlandt Park. The three also share a great interscholastic sports rivalry; Horace Mann's annual charity basketball game, the Buzzell Game, is almost always versus Riverdale, and sometimes Fieldston.

Football

The Horace Mann Varsity Football Team plays in the Hudson Valley Football League. In 2013 Horace Mann won the Hudson Valley Football League Championship with a season record of 6-2. In 2014 Horace Mann again won the Hudson Valley Football League with a season record of 9-0. The 2014 Horace Mann Football Team had an undefeated season for the first time since 1957. In 2015 Horace Mann won the Hudson Valley Football League (for the third time in a row) with a season record of 6-2.

Sports teams

Interscholastic Athletic Teams
Sport Level Season Gender
Baseball V, JV, MD Spring Boys'
Basketball V, JV, MD Winter Boys', Girls'
Crew V, JV, MD Spring (Winter for MD) Boys', Girls', Coed
Cross-Country V, JV, MD Fall Girls', Boys', Coed (MD Only)
Field Hockey V, JV, MD Fall Girls'
Fencing V, JV Winter Boys', Girls'
Football V, JV, MD Fall Boys'
Golf V Spring Coed
Gymnastics V, JV Winter Girls'
Lacrosse V, MD Spring Boys', Girls'
Soccer V, JV, MD Fall Boys', Girls'
Skiing V Winter Boys', Girls'
Softball V, JV, MD Spring Girls'
Squash V Winter Coed
Swimming V, JV, MD Winter Boys', Girls'
Tennis V, VB, JV, MD Fall (Girls'), Spring (Boys') Boys' (V, VB, and MD), Girls'(V, JV, and MD)
Track (indoor) V, JV Winter Boys', Girls'
Track (outdoor) V, JV, MD Spring Boys', Girls', Coed (MD Only)
Ultimate (Frisbee) V, JV Spring Coed
Volleyball V, JV, MD Fall (Girls'), Spring (Boys') Girls', Boys'
Water Polo V, JV, MD Fall Coed
Wrestling V, JV, MD Winter Coed

Notable alumni

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "Facts & Figures". Retrieved 2015-03-08.
  2. ↑ The Mission Statement of Horace Mann School
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "A Long Tradition". Horace Mann School. Retrieved 2010-12-20.
  4. ↑ Kamil, Amos (June 6, 2012). "Prep-School Predators: The Horace Mann School's Secret History of Sexual Abuse". The New York Times Magazine.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Fisher, Marc, "The Master: A charismatic teacher enthralled his students. Was he abusing them?", The New Yorker, April 1, 2013. Retrieved 2013-03-27.
  6. ↑ Aurthur, Kate, "My Own Horace Mann Story and the New York Times Abuse Report", The Daily Beast, June 7, 2012. Retrieved 2012-06-20.
  7. ↑ Semple, Kirk (June 10, 2012). "Gathering Online, Alumni of an Elite School Share Their Accounts of Abuse". The New York Times.
  8. ↑ "Dear Alumni/ae, ...", the cited letter from T. M. Kelly; on HMS website, June 10, 2012. Kelly signed "P '18", meaning he is a parent of a current student to be graduated in 2018. Retrieved 2012-06-20.
  9. ↑ Anderson, Jenny (June 23, 2012). "Retired Horace Mann Teacher Admits to Sex With Students". The New York Times.
  10. 1 2 "Hilltop Cares Foundation brings school community together". The Horace Mann Record. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
  11. ↑ Anderson, Jenny. "Nonprofit Group to Aid Horace Mann Alumni Who Say They Were Victims of Abuse". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
  12. ↑ "Hilltop Cares Foundation". Org Council. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
  13. ↑ Anderson, Jenny, "Compensation Talks in Horace Mann Abuse Cases", The New York Times, March 21, 2013. Retrieved 2013-03-21.
  14. ↑ Elite NYC School Apologizes for Past Sexual Abuse
  15. ↑ "Horace Mann hit with molestation lawsuit as settlement talks with more than two dozen alleged victims underway". Daily News (New York).
  16. ↑ "Class-action suit filed over bridge"; see also Fort Lee lane closure scandal
  17. ↑ "Judge Rules Horace Mann Sexual Abuse Suit Can Proceed". The Wall Street Journal. 7 March 2014.
  18. ↑ http://www.wsj.com/articles/elite-new-york-city-private-school-horace-mann-settles-sex-abuse-lawsuit-1428021586. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  19. 1 2 Horace Mann School – About hm / Costs
  20. ↑ Pacific Ridge School – Academic Team Retrieved 2012-10-24.
  21. ↑ Fast Facts about HM Admissions Retrieved 2012-10-24.
  22. ↑ Laneri, Raquel (April 29, 2010). "No. 2: Horace Mann". Forbes. Archived from the original on January 25, 2013.
  23. ↑ Prep School USA. "2003 High School Rankings", citing the Sept. 2002 Worth magazine article "Getting Inside the Ivy Gates" by Reshma Memon Yaqub.
  24. ↑ "About Us", The Record
  25. ↑ Kugel, Seth, "A Student Paper Savors Its Past, and Its Stars", New York Times, October 13, 2002.
  26. ↑ "American Scholastic Press Association". American Scholastic Press Association. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
  27. ↑ Alvarez following in some famous footsteps – MLB – ESPN
  28. ↑ "Pitt stop: Horace Mann centerfielder commits to Panthers". New York Post. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Alumni Council
  30. ↑ After a Facebook Scandal, Horace Mann Is Forced to Ask What Values It Should Teach – New York Magazine
  31. ↑ Lee, Felicia R (February 6, 2006). "Chatty Host Who Makes Archaeology Glamorous". New York Times. Retrieved 2006-06-24.
  32. ↑ EDUCAUSE Publications: Educom Review March/April, 1999
  33. ↑ Art of the States: Changes
  34. ↑ "Elise Lang on Roy Cohn", Kelly Writers House Fellows Seminar at upenn.edu, Spring 2000.
  35. ↑ "Peter Deutsch". The Washington Post.
  36. ↑ Oser, Alan S. (May 20, 1995). "Seymour B. Durst, Real-Estate Developer Who Led Growth on West Side, Dies at 81". New York Times.
  37. ↑ Lambert, Bruce (August 9, 1992). "Alison L. Gertz, Whose Infection Alerted Many to AIDS, Dies at 26". New York Times.
  38. ↑ "Robert S. Ledley, DDS '43", Horace Mann School: 2000 Award for Distinguished Achievement Recipients, accessed April 14, 2012.
  39. ↑ http://www.brunel.ac.uk/about/hongrads/2006/legg.bspx Archived October 16, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
  40. ↑ http://www.horacemannalumni.org/HoraceMannMusic.pdf
  41. ↑ Lloyd Schwartz, "Michael Mazur, 1935 – 2009: Painter, printmaker, teacher, art historian, curator, political/social/arts activist, Red Sox and Celtics fan", The Phoenix, August 27, 2009.
  42. ↑ Smith, Neal Griffith (July 1998). "In Memoriam: Martin Humphrey Moynihan, 1926–1996" (PDF online facsimile). The Auk (Washington, D.C.: American Ornithologists' Union) 115 (3): 755–758. doi:10.2307/4089423. ISSN 0004-8038. OCLC 89673496.
  43. ↑ Arango, Tim (February 19, 2011). "The Murdoch in Waiting". The New York Times. Retrieved December 21, 2011.
  44. ↑ "A Hawk Who Earned His Feathers Under Clinton", The Forward, November 1, 2002.
  45. ↑ Hakim, Danny. "A Gilded Path to Political Stardom, With Detours", The New York Times, October 12, 2006. Accessed May 20, 2008.

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