Hornbeam

Hornbeam
European hornbeam foliage
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Rosids
Order: Fagales
Family: Betulaceae
Genus: Carpinus
L.
Synonyms[1]

Distegocarpus Siebold & Zucc

Hornbeams are hardwood trees in the flowering plant genus Carpinus in the birch family Betulaceae. The 30–40 species occur across much of the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere.

Origin of names

The common English name "hornbeam" derives from the hardness of the woods (likened to horn) and the Old English "beam", a tree (cognate with German "Baum"). The American hornbeam is also occasionally known as blue-beech, ironwood, or musclewood, the first from the resemblance of the bark to that of the American beech Fagus grandifolia, the other two from the hardness of the wood and the muscular appearance of the trunk, respectively. The botanic name for the genus, Carpinus, is the original Latin name for the European species.

Taxonomy

Though some botanists grouped them with the hazels (Corylus) and hop-hornbeams (Ostrya) in a segregated family, Corylaceae, modern botanists place the hornbeams in the birch subfamily Coryloideae.

Description

Hornbeam trunk

Hornbeams are small to medium sized trees, Carpinus betulus reaching a height of 32 m.[2]:296 The leaves are deciduous, alternate, and simple with a serrated margin, and typically vary from 3–10 cm in length. The flowers are wind-pollinated pendulous catkins, produced in spring. The male and female flowers are on separate catkins, but on the same tree (monoecious). The fruit is a small nut about 3–6 mm long, held in a leafy bract; the bract may be either trilobed or simple oval, and is slightly asymmetrical. The asymmetry of the seedwing makes it spin as it falls, improving wind dispersal. The shape of the wing is important in the identification of different hornbeam species. Typically, 10–30 seeds are on each seed catkin.

Distribution

The 30–40 species occur across much of the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, with the greatest number of species in east Asia, particularly China. Only two species occur in Europe, only one in eastern North America, and one in Mesoamerica.[1][3][4][5][6] Carpinus betulus can be found in Europe, Turkey and Ukraine.[7]

Associated insects

Hornbeams are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including autumnal moth, common emerald, feathered thorn, walnut sphinx, Svensson's copper underwing, and winter moth (recorded on European Hornbeam) as well as the Coleophora case-bearers C. currucipennella and C. ostryae.[8]

Applications

Hornbeams yield a very hard timber, giving rise to the name "ironwood".[9] Dried heartwood billets are nearly white and are suitable for decorative use. For general carpentry, hornbeam is rarely used, partly due to the difficulty of working it. Its hardness has, however, lent it to use for carving boards, tool handles, handplane soles, coach wheels, piano actions, shoe lasts, and other uses where a very tough, hard wood is required. Perhaps most interestingly as gear pegs in simple machines, including traditional windmills.[9] It is sometimes coppiced to provide hardwood poles. It is also used in parquet flooring and for making chess pieces.

Hornbeam has been listed as one of the 38 substances used to prepare Bach flower remedies,[10] a kind of alternative medicine promoted for its effect on mental or emotional health. However, according to Cancer Research UK, "there is no scientific evidence to prove that flower remedies can control, cure or prevent any type of disease, including cancer".[11]

Species

Accepted species[1]

  1. Carpinus betulus L. — European hornbeam - widespread across much of Europe; Turkey, Iran, Caucasus; naturalized in a few places in US.[7]
  2. Carpinus caroliniana Walter — American hornbeam - Quebec, Ontario, eastern half of US
  3. Carpinus chuniana Hu - Guangdong, Guizhou, Hubei
  4. Carpinus cordata Blume — Sawa hornbeam - Primorye, China, Korea, Japan
  5. Carpinus dayongiana K.W.Liu & Q.Z.Lin - Hunan
  6. Carpinus eximia Nakai - Korea
  7. Carpinus faginea Lindl. - Nepal, Himalayas of northern India
  8. Carpinus fangiana Hu[12] - Sichuan, Guangxi
  9. Carpinus hebestroma Yamam. - Taiwan
  10. Carpinus henryana (H.J.P.Winkl.) H.J.P.Winkl. - southern China
  11. Carpinus japonica Blume — Japanese hornbeam - Japan
  12. Carpinus kawakamii Hayata - Taiwan, southeastern China
  13. Carpinus kweichowensis Hu - Guizhou, Yunnan
  14. Carpinus laxiflora (Siebold & Zucc.) Blume — Aka-shide hornbeam - Japan, Korea
  15. Carpinus lipoensis Y.K.Li - Guizhou
  16. Carpinus londoniana H.J.P.Winkl. - southern China, northern Indochina
  17. Carpinus luochengensis J.Y.Liang - Guangxi
  18. Carpinus mengshanensis S.B.Liang & F.Z.Zhao - Shandong
  19. Carpinus microphylla Z.C.Chen ex Y.S.Wang & J.P.Huang - Guangxi
  20. Carpinus mollicoma Hu - Tibet, Sichuan, Yunnan
  21. Carpinus monbeigiana Hand.-Mazz. - Tibet, Yunnan
  22. Carpinus omeiensis Hu & W.P.Fang - Sichuan, Guizhou
  23. Carpinus orientalis Mill. — Oriental hornbeam - Hungary, Balkans, Italy, Crimea, Turkey, Iran, Caucasus
  24. Carpinus paohsingensis W.Y.Hsia - China
  25. Carpinus polyneura Franch. - southern China
  26. Carpinus pubescens Burkill - China, Vietnam
  27. Carpinus purpurinervis Hu - Guizhou, Guangxi
  28. Carpinus putoensis W.C.Cheng — Putuo hornbeam - Zhejiang
  29. Carpinus rankanensis Hayata - Taiwan
  30. Carpinus rupestris A.Camus - Yunnan, Guangxi, Guizhou
  31. Carpinus shensiensis Hu - Gansu, Shaanxi
  32. Carpinus shimenensis C.J.Qi - Hunan
  33. †Carpinus tengshongensis W.C.Cheng[13] - Zhejiang but probably extinct
  34. Carpinus tropicalis (Donn.Sm.) Lundell - Mexico, Central America
  35. Carpinus tsaiana Hu - Yunnan, Guizhou
  36. Carpinus tschonoskii Maxim. — Chonowski's hornbeam - China, Korea, Japan
  37. Carpinus turczaninowii Hance — Turkzaninov's hornbeam - China, Korea, Japan
  38. Carpinus viminea Wall. ex Lindl. - China, Korea, Himalayas, northern Indochina

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  2. ↑ Stace, C.A. (2010). New flora of the British Isles (Third ed.). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521707725.
  3. ↑ Flora of China, Vol. 4 Page 289, 鹅耳枥属 e er li shu, Carpinus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 998. 1753.
  4. ↑ Flora of North America, Vol. 3, Hornbeam, Carpinus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 998. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 432, 1754.
  5. ↑ Altervista Flora Italiana
  6. ↑ Biota of North America Program, 2013 county distribution maps
  7. 1 2 "Carpinus betulus". 2.nd Ed., The Royal Horticultural Society, Dorling Kindersley Ltd, London, pp. 234, 235.
  8. ↑ Miscellaneous Publication. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1972. p. 297.
  9. 1 2 Eichhorn, Marks; Haran, Brady (2011-12-01). "The Hornbeam's Heartbeat". Test Tube. University of Nottingham. Retrieved 2012-12-30. External link in |work= (help)
  10. ↑ D. S. Vohra (1 June 2004). Bach Flower Remedies: A Comprehensive Study. B. Jain Publishers. p. 3. ISBN 978-81-7021-271-3. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
  11. ↑ "Flower remedies". Cancer Research UK. Retrieved September 2013.
  12. ↑ "Carpinus fangiana". Rogers Trees and Shrubs.
  13. ↑ Dai, Jing; Sun, Bainian; Xie, Sanping; Lin, Zhicheng; Wu, Jingyu; Dao, Kequn (2013). "A new species of Carpinus (Betulaceae) from the Pliocene of Yunnan Province, China". Plant Systematics and Evolution 299 (3): 643–658. doi:10.1007/s00606-012-0750-1.

External links

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