Host–pathogen interaction

Host–pathogen interactions are the interactions taking place between a pathogen (e.g. virus, bacteria) and their host (e.g. humans, plants). Host–pathogen interactions can be described on the population level (virus infections in a human population), on the single-cell level (individual encounters of host and bacteria),[1] on the organismal level (e.g. virus infects host), or on the molecular level (e.g. virus protein binds to receptor on human cell). Pathogens may interact with their host without causing disease, e.g. when viruses cause asymptomatic infections. Notably, some organisms may be both hosts and pathogens, e.g. bacteria that can infect animals or plants but are themselves infected by viruses (phage).[2]

Host-pathogen interactome

While most studies focus on special aspects of host-pathogen interactions, such as the binding of a virus to its human receptor, studies have attempted to systematically identify interactions among virus proteins and their host proteins. Interactions among the protein networks of a host and a pathogen are called host-pathogen interactomes.[3][4][5]

The host-pathogen interface presents interesting cellular changes observable under electron microcope - happening to the pathogens for enhanced virulence, including formation of surface 'invasosomal' periplasmic organelles and exocytosis of bacterial outer membrane vesicles by gram-negative pathogens (e.g., Salmonella). Host cell cytoskeletal reorganisational changes e.g., ruffle formation, altered phagocytosis, etc. also take place as a prelude to microbial invasion.[6]

Research

Stimulations of whole-blood may allow determination of risk of poor outcomes by determining the functioning of the immune system.[7]

See also

External links

References

  1. ↑ Avraham, Roi; Haseley, Nathan; Brown, Douglas; Penaranda, Cristina; Jijon, Humberto B.; Trombetta, John J.; Satija, Rahul; Shalek, Alex K.; Xavier, Ramnik J. (2015-10-09). "Pathogen Cell-to-Cell Variability Drives Heterogeneity in Host Immune Responses". Cell 162 (6): 1309–1321. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.08.027. ISSN 0092-8674. PMC 4578813. PMID 26343579.
  2. ↑ Stern, A.; Sorek, R. (2011). "The phage-host arms race: Shaping the evolution of microbes". BioEssays 33 (1): 43–51. doi:10.1002/bies.201000071. PMC 3274958. PMID 20979102.
  3. ↑ Uetz, P.; Dong, Y. A.; Zeretzke, C.; Atzler, C.; Baiker, A.; Berger, B.; Rajagopala, S. V.; Roupelieva, M.; Rose, D.; Fossum, E.; Haas, J. (2006). "Herpesviral Protein Networks and Their Interaction with the Human Proteome". Science 311 (5758): 239–242. doi:10.1126/science.1116804. PMID 16339411.
  4. ↑ Mendez-Rios, J.; Uetz, P. (2010). "Global approaches to study protein–protein interactions among viruses and hosts". Future Microbiology 5 (2): 289–301. doi:10.2217/fmb.10.7. PMC 2832059. PMID 20143950.
  5. ↑ Simonis, N.; Rual, J. F. O.; Lemmens, I.; Boxus, M.; Hirozane-Kishikawa, T.; Gatot, J. S. P.; Dricot, A. L.; Hao, T.; Vertommen, D.; Legros, S. B.; Daakour, S.; Klitgord, N.; Martin, M.; Willaert, J. F. O.; Dequiedt, F.; Navratil, V.; Cusick, M. E.; Burny, A. N.; Van Lint, C.; Hill, D. E.; Tavernier, J.; Kettmann, R.; Vidal, M.; Twizere, J. C. (2012). "Host-pathogen interactome mapping for HTLV-1 and -2 retroviruses". Retrovirology 9: 26. doi:10.1186/1742-4690-9-26. PMC 3351729. PMID 22458338.
  6. ↑ YashRoy, R.C. (2001) Host-pathogen interface: Ultrastructure of Salmonella virulence. Proc. XXIV Ann. conf. Electron Microscopy and allied fields Vol. CB-KS. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233425214_Host-pathogen_interface_Ultrastructure_of_Salmonella_virulence?ev=prf_pub
  7. ↑ Lehnert T, Timme S, Pollmächer J, Hünniger K, Kurzai O, Figge MT (2015). "Bottom-up modeling approach for the quantitative estimation of parameters in pathogen-host interactions". Front Microbiol 6: 608. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.00608. PMID 26150807.
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