Hurricane Camille

Hurricane Camille
Category 5 major hurricane (SSHWS/NWS)

Hurricane Camille over the Gulf of Mexico
Formed August 14, 1969
Dissipated August 22, 1969
Highest winds 1-minute sustained: 175 mph (280 km/h)
Lowest pressure 900 mbar (hPa); 26.58 inHg
Fatalities 259 direct[1]
Damage $1.42 billion (1969 USD)
Areas affected Cuba, Yucatan Peninsula, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Southern United States, East-Central United States
Part of the 1969 Atlantic hurricane season

Hurricane Camille was the third and strongest tropical cyclone and second hurricane during the 1969 Atlantic hurricane season. It was the second of three catastrophic Category 5 hurricanes to make landfall in the United States during the 20th century (the others being 1935's Labor Day hurricane and 1992's Hurricane Andrew), which it did near the mouth of the Mississippi River on the night of August 17. Camille was the second strongest U.S. landfalling hurricane in recorded history in terms of atmospheric pressure, second only to the Labor Day Hurricane in 1935.

The storm formed on 14 August and rapidly deepened. It scraped the western edge of Cuba at Category 2 intensity. Camille rapidly deepened once again over the Gulf of Mexico and made landfall with a pressure of 900 mbar (hPa; 26.58 inHg), estimated sustained winds of 175 mph (280 km/h)[2] and a peak official storm surge of 24 feet (7.3 m). The hurricane flattened nearly everything along the coast of the U.S. state of Mississippi, and caused additional flooding and deaths inland while crossing the Appalachian Mountains of Virginia. In total, Camille killed 259 people and caused $1.42 billion (1969 USD, $9.16 billion 2016 USD) in damages. To date, a complete understanding of the reasons for the system's power, extremely rapid intensification over open water and strength at landfall has not been achieved.

Meteorological history

Map plotting the track and intensity of the storm according to the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale

The origins of Hurricane Camille were from a tropical wave off the western coast of Africa on August 5. It tracked quickly westward along the 15th parallel north,[3] a tropical disturbance became clearly identifiable on satellite imagery on August 9. By that time, the thunderstorm activity concentrated into a circular area of convection. The next day, it moved through the Lesser Antilles, although there was no evidence of a closed circulation. On August 13, the wave passed near or over the southern coast of Jamaica as its convection spread northeastward through the Bahamas. Subsequently it began a slower motion to the northwest. It is believed that a tropical depression formed shortly thereafter, early on August 14, and it became a tropical storm a few hours later. On the morning of August 14, the Hurricane Hunters flew to investigate for a closed circulation near the Bahamas as well as near the Cayman Islands.[4] The crew observed a developing center in the western Caribbean, and winds had reached tropical storm status. By then, the storm had strengthened into a strong tropical storm with winds of 60 mph (95 km/h), about 50 miles (80 km) west-northwest of Grand Cayman.[4][5]

Hurricane Camille over the Gulf of Mexico on August 16

Upon first being classified as a tropical storm, Camille was located in an area favorable for further strengthening, although initially it slowly intensified. It was located within an area of very light wind shear and an overall warm environment. Additionally, the storm developed strong low-level inflow from the deep southern Caribbean, which continuously brought moisture into the storm.[4] Throughout its duration, it was a small tropical cyclone, although with a radius of gale force winds spreading 100 miles (160 km) to the north, the storm's thunderstorm area quickly spread over Cuba. As the storm approached the western coast of Cuba, it began rapid deepening, reaching hurricane status and less than 12 hours later attained winds of 110 mph (175 km/h). Prior to landfall, its eye was tracked by radar from Havana; it is estimated the hurricane moved ashore between Cape San Antonio and Guane late on August 15 as a strong Category 2 hurricane. Camille was a small hurricane as it crossed western Cuba, and its winds decreased slightly to 105 mph (165 km/h) over land before it emerged into the Gulf of Mexico.[5]

This New Orleans radar image of Hurricane Camille was taken less than 50 miles from its center on August 17 1969 at 10 p.m. CST

Initially, Hurricane Camille was forecast to turn northeastward toward the Florida panhandle. Instead, it continued northwestward and rapidly intensified once again almost immediately after leaving Cuba. Its eye contracted to a diameter of less than 8 miles (13 km), and strong rainbands developed around the entire hurricane. Due to the small eye, Hurricane Hunters at first had difficulties in obtaining the strength; however a flight late on August 16 found a strong Category 5 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale and recorded a very low pressure of 908 mbar (hPa; 26.82 inHg), with winds estimated at 175 mph (280 km/h).[4] At the time, it was not expected to intensify further.[5] However, a subsequent Hurricane Hunters flight early on 17 August recorded a pressure of 905 mbar (hPa; 26.73 inHg), at the time the lowest pressure recorded by reconnaissance aircraft. That made Camille the most intense hurricane since the 1935 Labor Day hurricane; currently it is the sixth most intense Atlantic hurricane, as ranked by lowest pressure. At the same time, maximum wind speeds in the hurricane peaked at 175 mph (280 km/h) by 00 UTC on August 17.[6][7]

As it continued toward the Gulf Coast of the United States, Camille maintained its small eye, and forecasters continued to anticipate a turn toward Florida.[5] Late on August 17, Camille briefly weakened to a Category 4 storm due to an eyewall replacement cycle; a reconnaissance flight was forced to end its mission early due to a damaged engine.[4] Before they left the storm, the crew recorded a pressure of 919 mbar (hPa; 27.14 inHg) and estimated surface winds at 155 mph (250 km/h), while Camille was located about 100 miles (160 km) southeast of the Mississippi River Delta.[5] There were no subsequent Hurricane Hunter flights, but surface observations recorded later suggested that Camille quickly re-strengthened and regained Category 5 intensity. After passing very near southeastern Louisiana, Hurricane Camille made landfall early on August 18 in Waveland, Mississippi.[6] Maximum wind speeds near the coastline were estimated to have been about 175 mph (280 km/h) with a pressure of 900 mbar (hPa; 26.58 inHg).[4]

The hurricane weakened as it progressed inland, and within 14 hours of moving ashore, Camille weakened to tropical storm status. About 12 hours later, it weakened to tropical depression status, by which time it began a turn to the north and northeast. On August 20, Tropical Depression Camille turned eastward through Kentucky, dropping heavy rainfall in West Virginia and Virginia. Later that day it emerged into the Atlantic Ocean east of Norfolk, and by that afternoon as it was emerging offshore it regained tropical storm status. Camille accelerated east-northeastward, attaining peak winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) as it interacted with larger Hurricane Debbie to its southeast (although it is possible it may have regained hurricane intensity due to the poor sampling of the region).[4] Subsequently Camille began to interact with a cold front, causing it to gradually change into an extratropical cyclone as it entrained cooler air. On August 22, Camille was absorbed by the cold front to the south of Atlantic Canada.[4][5]

Preparations

National Hurricane Center Track Forecasts for Camille from western Cuba onward. The system's actual track is marked by the line farthest to the west.

Shortly after Camille formed, the National Hurricane Center advised residents on the Isle of Pines and in western Cuba to prepare for gale force winds, heavy rains, and rising tides. The agency also recommended small boats to remain in harbor.[5] The threat of the storm prompted officials to evacuate thousands along the western coast of Cuba and on the Isle of Pines; on the island, 10,000 cattle and 6,000 turkeys were moved to safer areas.[8]

As Camille impacted Cuba, small craft were advised not to venture out too far from the coasts of Florida.[9]

On 15 August, the National Hurricane Center issued a hurricane watch for a 110 miles (180 km) stretch of land in Florida, between Apalachicola and Fort Walton Beach. The next day, as these hurricane watches were upgraded to a hurricane warning, thousands of people boarded up their homes and evacuated inland. During the afternoon of 16 August, the weather bureau ordered that a hurricane watch should be placed in force for the coastline from Biloxi to St Marks, Florida. Later that day, the hurricane watches were upgraded to a hurricane warning for the northwestern Florida coast, from Fort Walton to St Marks.

By Saturday morning, a hurricane watch was issued for the coast from Biloxi eastward. Civil defense organizations in coastal counties went on alert. Keesler Air Force Base and the Naval Construction Battalion Center prepared for the storm. By 5 p.m. Sunday, a hurricane warning was issued for the coast. This activated the National Guard units. Many refused to believe the reports concerning Camille's intensity that afternoon. Many people living at elevations of 20 feet (6.1 m) above sea level refused to believe they were going to be submerged. The mayor of Gulfport ordered the release of prisoners from the city jail as winds increased at 9 p.m. Sunday evening, but none would leave.[10]

Impact

Deaths and damage by region
Region Deaths Damage
(1969 USD)
Cuba 5 $5 million
Gulf of Mexico N/A $100 million
Louisiana $322 million
Mississippi 15 $950 million
Alabama $8 million
West Virginia 2 $750,000
Virginia 153 $140 million
Total 259 $1.4 billion

Making landfall in Waveland, Mississippi, as a Category 5 hurricane,[6] Camille caused damage and destruction across much of the Gulf Coast of the United States. Because it moved quickly through the region, Hurricane Camille dropped only moderate precipitation in most areas. Areas in and around Pass Christian, its point of landfall, reported from 7 to 10 inches (180 to 250 mm).[11] The area of total destruction in Harrison County, Mississippi was 68 square miles (180 km2).[12] The total estimated cost of damage was $1.42 billion (1969 USD, $9.16 billion 2016 USD).[13] This made Camille the second-most expensive hurricane in the United States, up to that point (behind Hurricane Betsy).[14] The storm directly killed 143 people along Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana. An additional 153 people perished as a result of catastrophic flooding in Nelson County, Virginia and other areas nearby. In all, 8,931 people were injured, 5,662 homes were destroyed, and 13,915 homes experienced major damage, with many of the fatalities being coastal residents who had refused to evacuate.

Caribbean and Offshore Gulf of Mexico

As a developing tropical storm, Camille brought rain showers to Grand Cayman, although there were no reports of damage.[5] Stations in Cuba on the outer fringes of the storm reported winds of 50 mph (80 km/h). East of where it moved ashore, the city of Guane recorded winds of 92 mph (148 km/h), although no wind reports were taken in the landfall location. The hurricane produced up to 10 inches (250 mm) near Guane, as well as on the Isle of Pines.[5] On the Isle of Pines, the storm inflicted damage to about 100 houses.[8] Throughout Pinar del Río Province, Camille caused heavy damage,[15] primarily from river flooding;[16] about 20,000 people were left homeless in the province. Strong winds downed trees and power lines, which caused power outages eastward through the capital city of Havana. Initially, the government reported no casualties from the storm.[15] Subsequent research indicated the hurricane killed five people in the country during its passage, and damage was estimated at $5 million (1969 USD).[17]

In the days after the storm struck Cuba, the government deployed medical teams to affected regions to provide typhoid vaccine shots. Officials noted the potential for the spread of disease, due to flooding from Camille as well as previously wet conditions.[8]

In the open Gulf of Mexico, the hurricane produced wave heights of at least 70 feet (21 m), as measured by Shell Oil Company. Along the ocean floor, the storm created mudslides which lowered the ocean floor; its combination with strong waves and winds destroyed three oil platforms, including one that at the time was the deepest oil well. Property damages to the offshore oil industry were initially estimated at $100 million (1969 USD).[18]

Louisiana

The eastbound lanes of heavily-traveled United States Highway 90 suffered broken pavement during Hurricane Camille, which halted traffic

The pressure fell to 27.80 inches of mercury (941 hPa) at Garden Island. Winds gusted to 125 miles per hour (201 km/h) at Slidell as their pressure sank to 28.75 inches of mercury (974 hPa) on 19 August. Almost total destruction was seen from Venice to Buras. Ostrica Lock measured a storm surge of 16 feet (4.9 m). Water overwashed U.S. Highway 90 to a depth of 10 feet (3.0 m).[19] The highest rainfall report from the state was 5.23 inches (133 mm) from Slidell.[20] Camille caused about $322 million (1969 dollars) of damage in Louisiana.[4]

Mississippi

Ships beached in Gulfport, Mississippi.

In Mississippi, Camille was significantly worse than Hurricane Betsy and a September 1947 hurricane. Electricity went out during Camille's approach to the Mississippi coastline. United States Highway 90 flooded as a large storm surge overtopped seawalls, leaving a barge along the highway in Gulfport. Fires consumed coastal communities, with the exceptions of Bay St. Louis and Waveland. Camille destroyed the antebellum Trinity Episcopal church in Pass Christian, taking 15 lives. The Dixie White House, where President Woodrow Wilson and his family once stayed, was badly damaged. In Biloxi, Mississippi, the storm surge reached the second floor of the structure.[10] The highest rainfall total recorded was 10.06 inches (256 mm) at the Mississippi Test Facility.[20] Mississippi received the worst of the damage. Upon making landfall, Camille produced a 24 feet (7.3 m) storm surge. Along Mississippi's entire shore and for some three to four blocks inland, the destruction was nearly complete. The worst hit areas were Clermont Harbor, Lakeshore, Waveland, Bay St. Louis, Pass Christian, Long Beach, and the beach front of Gulfport, Mississippi City, and Biloxi. One of Frank Lloyd Wright's waterfront houses for W. L. Fuller, in Pass Christian, was completely destroyed.[21]

More than 11 inches (280 mm) of rain occurred in Hancock County, and most low-lying areas were flooded with up to 15 feet (4.6 m) of water. U.S. Highway 90, which is close to the shore, was broken up in many areas, and sand and debris blocked much of it. Totals say that 3,800 homes and businesses were completely destroyed. As Camille came ashore, it passed over Ship Island, off the coast of Mississippi; Camille's strong storm surge and torrential rains literally split the island in two: the body of water between West Ship Island and East Ship Island is now called "Camille's Cut". Camille had significant ecological effects in the Gulf Coast region. A barrier island chain off the coast of Mississippi and 70% of Dauphin Island were completely inundated by the storm's surge.[22] Camille caused about $950 million (1969 dollars) of damage in Mississippi.[4]

The Hurricane Party

Richelieu Apartments before Camille
Richelieu Apartments after Camille

One persistent account about Camille states that 23 people held a hurricane party on the third floor of the Richelieu Manor Apartments in Pass Christian, Mississippi, in the path of the eyewall as it made landfall. The high storm surge flooded and destroyed the building, killing all but one person. Who the survivor is, how many party guests there were, and just how far the sole survivor was swept by the storm varies with the retelling. An ABC made-for-TV movie called Hurricane, starring Frank Sutton of Gomer Pyle USMC, Larry Hagman, Will Geer, Martin Milner, and Michael Learned, was loosely based on the supposed hurricane party. However, the site and names were changed to fictitious ones for the movie, as was the name of the hurricane. The television show Quantum Leap carried an episode regarding the parties of Hurricane Camille and the actual hurricane itself. Twenty-three people are known to have stayed in the Richelieu Apartments during the hurricane, eight of whom died. The tale of the lone survivor and the party appears to have originated with survivor Mary Ann Gerlach.[10] Survivor Ben Duckworth has expressed irritation at the story. There was no hurricane party. Duckworth reiterated in 2001. We were exhausted from boarding up windows and helping the police move cars. We were too tired to party. I can’t tell you why that story persists, or why people didn't put two and two together. I guess the hurricane party makes a good story.[23]

The site of the Richelieu Apartments, the corner of Henderson Avenue and US90 in Pass Christian, later became a shopping center. Coincidentally, it was destroyed by Hurricane Katrina.

Alabama and Florida

Alabama also experienced damage along U.S. Highway 90: 26,000 homes and over 1,000 businesses were wiped out completely across the state of Alabama. Camille's large circulation also resulted in a 3-to-5-foot (0.91 to 1.52 m) storm surge in Apalachicola, Florida. The highest rainfall report received within Alabama was 6.52 inches (166 mm) two miles northeast of Fairhope.[20] Camille caused about $8 million (1969 dollars) of damage in Alabama.[4] Places farther east across the western Florida panhandle saw lesser rains, as 4.16 inches (106 mm) was measured at Pensacola Naval Air Station.[24]

Ohio Valley and West Virginia

Camille Storm Total Rainfall

Camille caused moderate rainfall in Tennessee and Kentucky of between 3 and 5 inches (130 mm),[25] helping to relieve a drought in the area, yet in West Virginia, there was flash flooding which destroyed 36 houses and 12 trailers, a total of three quarters of a million dollars in damage.[26]

Virginia

Because the hurricane was expected to quickly dissipate over land, few were prepared for the flash flooding.[27] Arriving in Virginia on the evening of August 19, Camille was no longer a hurricane, but it carried high amounts of moisture and contained sufficient strength and low pressure to pull in additional moisture.

A widespread area of western and central Virginia received over 8 inches (200 mm) of rain from Camille's remains, leading to significant flooding across the state. A total of 153 people lost their lives from blunt trauma sustained during mountain slides, related to the flash flooding, not drowning.[28] More than 123 of these deaths were in Nelson County. Debris avalanches occurred on hillsides with a slope greater than 35 percent.[28] In Nelson County, the number of deaths amounted to over one percent of the county's population.[29] The worst of the damage was reported in Massies Mill, Woods Mill, Roseland, Bryant, Tyro, Montebello, Lovingston, Norwood, Rockfish, and along the Davis and Muddy creeks.[28] The James and Tye rivers crested well above flood stage in many areas, including a record high of 41.3 feet (12.6 m) at Columbia, Virginia. Hurricane Camille caused more than $140 million of damage (1969 dollars) in Virginia.[4][5] Camille was considered one of the worst natural disasters in central Virginia's recorded history.[28]

Flooding damage at Howardsville, Virginia; the bridge formerly carried Virginia Route 626 over the Rockfish River.

The storm dropped torrential rainfall of 12 to 20 inches (300 to 510 mm), with a maximum of 27 inches (690 mm).[25] Most of the rainfall occurred in Virginia during a 3-5 hour period on 19–20 August. Five (5) plus inches of rain fell near the North Fork of the Tye River in only half an hour with the grounds already saturated from previous rains.[27] Many rivers flooded across the state, with the worst being the James River in Richmond with a peak crest of 28.6 feet (8.7 m). Many rivers in Virginia and West Virginia set records for peak flood stages, causing numerous mudslides along mountainsides. In the mountain slopes between Charlottesville and Lynchburg, more than 26 inches (660 mm) of rain fell in 12 hours, but the worst was in Nelson County where 27 inches (690 mm) fell. There, rainfall was so heavy that reports were received of birds drowning in trees, cows floating down the Hatt Creek and of survivors having to cup hands around their mouth and nose in order to breathe through the deluge. Though the official rainfall was recorded as 27 inches, unofficial estimates are much greater. Some estimate that more than 40 inches of rain fell at Davis Creek. Most gauges were washed away; however, it was reported that an empty 55 gallon drum that was not even in the center of the heaviest rainfall had 31 inches of water in it after Camille passed.[30] "So much rain fell in such a short time in Nelson County that, according to the National Weather Service at the time, it was 'the probable maximum rainfall which meteorologists compute to be theoretically possible.' " [31]

The ensuing flash floods and mudslides killed 153 people. In Nelson County alone, 133 bridges washed out, while in some places entire communities were under water.[26]

The major flooding that occurred downstream cut off all communication between Richmond and the Shenandoah Valley. Waynesboro on the South River saw eight feet of water downtown, and Buena Vista had more than five feet.

Throughout Virginia, Camille destroyed 313 houses, 71 trailers, and 430 farm buildings. 3,765 families were affected by the hurricane in the area, and total damage in the state amounted to $140.8 million (1969 USD, $747 million 2005 USD).[13][27][32][33]

Barometric pressure, winds, and other superlatives

Most intense landfalling U.S. hurricanes
Intensity is measured solely by central pressure
Rank Hurricane Season Landfall pressure
1 "Labor Day" 1935 892 mbar (hPa)
2 Camille 1969 900 mbar (hPa)
3 Katrina 2005 920 mbar (hPa)
4 Andrew 1992 922 mbar (hPa)
5 "Indianola" 1886 925 mbar (hPa)
6 "Florida Keys" 1919 927 mbar (hPa)
7 "Okeechobee" 1928 929 mbar (hPa)
8 "Great Miami" 1926 930 mbar (hPa)
Donna 1960 930 mbar (hPa)
10 Carla 1961 931 mbar (hPa)
Source: HURDAT,[7] Hurricane
Research Division[34]

Camille produced the sixth lowest official sea level pressure ever recorded in the Atlantic basin, at 900 millibars (27 inHg).[7] Minimum pressure at landfall in Mississippi was 900 millibars (27 inHg); the only hurricane to hit the United States with a lower pressure at landfall was the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935.[6][35] A reconnaissance flight indicated a pressure of 901 millibars (26.6 inHg),[36] but this pressure was later corrected in 1969 by researchers to 919 mb (27.14 inHg).[6] The wind speed of Camille can only be approximated, as no meteorological equipment survived the extreme conditions at landfall, but Camille is estimated to have had sustained winds of 190 mph (305 km/h) at landfall, with gusts exceeding 230 mph (370 km/h),[6][36] although a reanalysis in April 2014 concluded that Camille had maximum winds of 175 mph (280 km/h) rather than the 190 beforehand. Before Hurricane Katrina in 2005, Camille likely had the highest storm surge measured in the United States, at over 24 feet (7.3 m).[37]

The 24-foot (7.3 m) storm surge quoted by the Army Corps of Engineers was based on high-water marks inside surviving buildings, of which there were but three. Prior to the collapse of the Richelieu Apartments, Ben Duckworth shone a flashlight down a stairwell and found the water within one step of the third-story floor; this establishes a surge height of 28 feet (8.5 m) at that spot at that time. About 15 minutes later, the building collapsed and the evidence vanished with it.

In addition, Camille forced the Mississippi River to flow backwards for a river-distance of 125 miles (from its mouth to a point north of New Orleans). The river further backed up for an additional 120 miles (190 km), to a point north of Baton Rouge.[38]

In 1969 the naming conventions for hurricanes were not strictly controlled as they are today. There were only three requirements: the name had to be female (male names were not used at that time), the names had to remain in alphabetical order, and the name could not have been retired.

Aftermath

Damage from Camille

The response after the storm involved many federal, state, and local agencies and volunteer organizations. The main organization for coordinating the federal response to the disaster was the Office of Emergency Preparedness, which provided $76 million (1969 USD, $403 million 2005 USD)[13] to administer and coordinate disaster relief programs. Food and shelter were available the day after the storm. On 19 August, parts of Mississippi and Louisiana were declared major disaster areas and became eligible for federal disaster relief funds.[39] President Richard M. Nixon ordered 1450 regular troops and 800 United States Army Engineers into the area to bring tons of food, vehicles, and aircraft.[10] large organizations contributing to the relief effort included the Federal Power Commission, which helped fully return power to affected areas by 25 November 1969. The Coast Guard (then under the Department of Transportation), Air Force, Army, Army Corps of Engineers, Navy, and Marine Corps all helped with evacuations, search and rescue, clearing debris, and distribution of food. The Department of Defense contributed $34 million (1969 USD, $180 million 2005 USD)[13] and 16,500 military troops overall to the recovery. The Department of Health provided 4 million dollars towards medicine, vaccines and other health related needs.[39]

On Monday, the Air National Guard and those at Keesler Air Force Base airlifted patients to Jackson and other more inland locations. Volunteers searched for those injured and dead, as well as helping refugees. When many of the evacuees returned by Tuesday, Governor John Bell Williams declared martial law, blocking highways into the area and leading to a 6 p.m. to 6 a.m. curfew. The governor also opened Camp Shelby, dormitories within the University of Southern Mississippi, and the Robert E. Lee Hotel to serve as shelters for those who lost homes. Sections of Bay St. Louis and Pass Christian were evacuated. Survivors were found for days after the storm, with 35 trapped by high water north of Bay St. Louis rescued on Thursday. Army engineers disposed of 25 tons of dead animals, mostly cows, during the week following Camille. One week after the storm, Keesler-based air planes sprayed malathion at low altitudes to kill the thriving insect population. Martial law would be lifted on 27 August. The federal and state military presence would continue for several weeks. During the evening of 8 September, President Nixon visited the Biloxi-Gulfport Regional Airport and gave a speech to elevate the spirits of local residents struggling with the storm's aftermath. During the rebuilding process, stricter building codes were enforced by local governments. In 1973, hurricane hunters and their associated reconnaissance aircraft relocated to Keesler Air Force Base when their previous headquarters at Ramey, Puerto Rico, closed.[10]

A large, antebellum mansion destroyed by the high winds and storm surge.

Long-term redevelopment was overseen by the Department of Commerce, which contributed $30 million (1969 USD, $159 million 2005 USD)[13] towards planned and coordinated redevelopment of affected areas.

The devastation of Camille inspired the implementation of the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. After the storm, many Gulf Coast residents commented that hurricane warnings were not clear enough in conveying the expected intensity of the coming storm. The Saffir-Simpson scale offered a much more concise statement of storm intensity than barometric pressure and wind-speed measurements, and veterans of previous hurricanes could analogize the power of the approaching storm to those they had experienced.[40]

In a 1999 report on Hurricane Camille sponsored by the NOAA Coastal Services Center, the authors concluded: "With Camille, the preparations for the event and the response were based on processes put in place long before the storm made landfall. Coordination between government agencies as well as with state and local officials was enhanced because of preexisting plans."[39]

One small compensation was that recovery from flood damage in Nelson County, Virginia led to the discovery of the Ginger Gold apple in the orchards of Clyde Harvey.[41]

Retirement

Due to the major destruction and death in much of the Southern United States, the name Camille was retired after the 1969 season,[42] and will never again be used for an Atlantic or Gulf hurricane or tropical storm. The name Cindy was scheduled to replace the name in 1973,[43] although a new ten-year list of names was created for the 1972-1980 Atlantic hurricane seasons.[44]

Comparisons to Hurricane Katrina

Comparison of Hurricanes Camille (left) and Katrina on satellite imagery

Although Hurricane Camille and Hurricane Katrina took different paths, they both reached the same section of the coast of Mississippi with similar destructive effects. Camille intensified more rapidly than Katrina, and unlike Katrina, Camille re-intensified a second time and maintained status as a Category 5 hurricane until landfall. However, the observed minimum pressure in Katrina was slightly lower. Both hurricanes shared the common aspect of undergoing periods of rapid intensification.[45] The size of Camille's radius of maximum wind was less than one-third that of Katrina, more similar to the intense but small Hurricane Andrew. Also unlike Katrina, Camille caused little damage in New Orleans, Louisiana, though Camille itself just barely missed the city.[46] The area of hurricane-force winds within Camille was just over two-thirds the size of Hurricane Katrina. Both storms were moving at a similar forward motion at the time of landfall. Although Camille's wind speed at landfall was higher, Katrina's storm surge exceeded Camille's storm surge at all known locations due to its greater size.[47] Both hurricanes' names were retired. Due to the time period between the two hurricanes, along with the approximate same landfall locations, sizes, and intensities of the two storms, Katrina had been nicknamed "Camille's Deadly Daughter".

In culture

Films

Music

Publications

Stage productions

Television

See also

References

  1. ↑ Ed Rappaport (22 April 1997). "Deadliest US Hurricanes". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 28 May 2006.
  2. ↑ http://www.coast.noaa.gov/hes/docs/postStorm/H_CAMILLE.pdf?redirect=301ocm
  3. ↑ Richard M. DeAngelis (January 1970). "North Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1969". Mariners Weather Log (Environmental Science Services Agency) 14 (1): 2.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 R.H. Simpson, Arnold L. Sugg (April 1970). "The Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1969" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review 98 (4). Bibcode:1970MWRv...98..293S. doi:10.1175/1520-0493-98.4.293. Retrieved 1 January 2014.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Hurricane Camille Preliminary Report" (PDF). U.S. Department of Commerce. September 1969. Retrieved February 28, 2009.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 National Hurricane Center; Hurricane Research Division; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (March 2014). "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT) Meta Data". United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic & Atmospheric Research. Retrieved March 26, 2014.
  7. 1 2 3 National Hurricane Center; Hurricane Research Division (February 17, 2016). "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)". United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved April 29, 2016.
  8. 1 2 3 Staff Writer (August 17, 1969). "Cuba Faces Big Problem From Storm". Associated Press. The Progress-Index. Retrieved 4 March 2009.
  9. ↑ Associated Press (August 15, 1969). "Hurricane Camille Approached Cuba Today". The Prescott Courier. Retrieved March 2, 2009.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Charles L. Sullivan (1985). Hurricanes of the Mississippi Gulf Coast: 1717 to Present. Gulf Publishing Company, Inc.: pp. 93-118.
  11. ↑ David M. Roth (October 30, 2007). "Hurricane Camille Rainfall Graphic". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved December 25, 2007.
  12. ↑ Harrison County Library System (July 14, 2009). "Harrison County Camille Information". Retrieved December 26, 2009.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 "The Inflation Calculator". Retrieved June 18, 2006.
  14. ↑ Chris Landsea (2007). "The Deadliest, Costliest, and Most Intense United States Hurricanes from 1900 to 2000 (And Other Frequently Requested Hurricane Facts)". Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. Retrieved December 26, 2009.
  15. 1 2 Associated Press (August 16, 1969). "Florida Braces for Big Blow". The Kingston Gleaner. Retrieved March 2, 2009.
  16. ↑ Associated Press (August 18, 1969). "Hurricane Smashes Mississippi Coast". Retrieved March 10, 2009.
  17. ↑ Roger A. Pielke Jr.; et al. (August 2003). "Hurricane Vulnerability in Latin America and The Caribbean: Normalized Damage and Loss Potentials" (PDF). National Hazards Review. Retrieved January 1, 2014.
  18. ↑ Minerals Management Service Gulf Coast Region (August 3, 2004). "History of the Offshore Oil and Gas Industry in Southern Louisiana Interim Report: Volume I: Papers on the Evolving Offshore Industry" (PDF). United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved March 10, 2009.
  19. ↑ David M. Roth (1998). Louisiana Hurricane History: Late 20th Century (continued). National Weather Service Southern Region Headquarters. Retrieved on 2009-03-13.
  20. 1 2 3 David M. Roth (2009). Tropical Cyclone Rainfall for the Gulf Coast. Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved on 2009-03-13.
  21. ↑ "Frank-Lloyd-Wright.com, FLW Designs (2005)". pp. "Enduring Legacy" (bottom). Retrieved 4 September 2006.
  22. ↑ Robert Morton, Kristy Guy, and Anne Whitko, Tiffany Pascoe, and Heather Hill (2007). Morphological Impacts of Hurricane Camille (1969) On Barrier Islands of Mississippi and Western Alabama. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved on 2009-03-13.
  23. ↑ "Hurricane Party". Retrieved March 4, 2015.
  24. ↑ Roth, David M; Hydrometeorological Prediction Center (2012). "Tropical Cyclone Rainfall in Florida". Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Point Maxima. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved June 23, 2012.
  25. 1 2 David M. Roth (October 31, 2007). "Hurricane Camille". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved November 3, 2007.
  26. 1 2 United States Department of Commerce (1969). "Hurricane Camille August 14–22, 1969" (PDF). Environmental Science Services Administration. Retrieved 23 March 2008.
  27. 1 2 3 "1969 Monthly Weather Review" (PDF). NOAA. Retrieved May 28, 2006.
  28. 1 2 3 4 Garnett P. Williams and Harold P. Guy. Erosional and Depositional Aspects of Hurricane Camille in Virginia, 1969. United States Government Printing Office, 1973, pp. 1.
  29. ↑ Divine wind: The History and Science of Hurricanes. New York, NY: Oxford University Press US. 2005. pp. 205–211. ISBN 0-19-514941-6.
  30. ↑ Provence, Lisa. "Flooded with Memories". The Hook. Retrieved November 7, 2013.
  31. ↑ Romano, Lisa. "Hurricane Camille". Encyclopedia Virginia. Retrieved November 7, 2013.
  32. ↑ United States Department of Commerce (1969). "Hurricane Camille August 14–22, 1969" (PDF). Environmental Science Services Administration. Retrieved December 26, 2009.
  33. ↑ Virginia Department of Emergency Management (2009). "Virginia's Weather History". Retrieved May 28, 2006.
  34. ↑ National Hurricane Center; Hurricane Research Division; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (February 2015). "Continental United States Hurricanes (Detailed Description)". aoml.noaa.gov. Miami: United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic & Atmospheric Research. Retrieved April 29, 2016.
  35. ↑ Eric S. Blake, Edward N. Rappaport, and Chris Landsea. The Dealiest, Costliest, and Most Intense United States Tropical Cyclones From 1851 to 2006 (and other frequently requested hurricane facts). Retrieved on 2008-03-19.
  36. 1 2 "NWS Jackson Special Weather Summary". NOAA. Archived from the original on 4 November 2006. Retrieved May 28, 2006.
  37. ↑ "Hurricane Resources". US Army Corps of Engineers. Archived from the original on May 14, 2006. Retrieved May 28, 2006.
  38. ↑ Howard, Judith A.; Zebrowski, Ernest (2005). Category 5: The Story of Camille. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. p. 109. ISBN 0-472-11525-1.
  39. 1 2 3 Roger A. Pielke, Jr., Chantal Simonpietri, and Jennifer Oxelson (July 12, 1999). "Thirty Years After Hurricane Camille: Lessons Learned, Lessons Lost". University of Colorado. Retrieved December 26, 2009.
  40. ↑ Willie Drye (December 20, 2005). ""Category Five": How a Hurricane Yardstick Came to Be". National Geographic. Retrieved July 30, 2006.
  41. ↑ "Hurricane Camille Leaves a New Apple in Nelson C." Charlottesville Daily Progress, September 18, 1992
  42. ↑ National Hurricane Center (2009). "Retired Hurricane Names Since 1954". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
  43. ↑ Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research (1970). "National Hurricane Operations Plan" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved July 24, 2011.
  44. ↑ "Annual Hurricane Supplement:Ten Year List of Storm Names". Naples Daily Times (The Hurricane Newspaper Archive). June 30, 1972. Retrieved October 10, 2009.
  45. ↑ Jay S. Hobgood (2006). 16C.7: A comparison of hurricanes Katrina (2005) and Camille (1969). American Meteorological Society's 27th Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology. Retrieved on 2009-03-13.
  46. ↑ Stefan Bechtel (2006). Roar of the Heavens. Stefan Bechtel, pp. 279. ISBN 978-0-8065-2706-2. Retrieved on 2009-03-13.
  47. ↑ Hermann M. Fritz, Chris Blount, Robert Sokoloski, Justin Singleton, Andrew Fuggle, Brian G. McAdoo, Andrew Moore, Chad Grass, Banks Tate (2007). Hurricane Katrina storm surge distribution and field observations on the Mississippi Barrier Islands. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science Volume 74, pp. 14-20. Retrieved on 2009-03-13.
  48. ↑ details/gov.ntis.ava11983vnb1 A Lady Called Camille Check |url= value (help). Internet Archive. 1971.
  49. ↑ Tolliver, Lisa (January 15, 2003). "Rainbows after the Storm". toowrite.com. Archived from the original on 12 June 2006. Retrieved December 5, 2010.
  50. ↑ "Reverend John L. O'Toole, 2nd OHR Pastor 1913-1935". Our Holy Redeemer Church & Parish: Our Holy Redeemer Pastors. Retrieved December 5, 2010.
  51. ↑ Henry Isham Hazelton. "Freeport: The Boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens Counties of Nassau and Suffolk, Long Island New York, 1609-1924". ancestry.com. Retrieved December 5, 2010.
  52. ↑ Endstation Theatre (Amherst, Virginia) official website
  53. ↑ Nelson County Historical Society official website

Further reading

Historical Hurricanes

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hurricane Camille.
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Friday, April 29, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.