Husky

Husky /ˈhʌski/ is a general name for a type of dog used to pull sleds in northern regions, differentiated from other sled-dog types by their fast pulling style.^[1] They are "an ever-changing cross-breed of the...fastest dogs."^[1] The Alaskan Malamute, by contrast, is "the largest and most powerful" sled dog,^[2] and was used for heavier loads. Huskies are used in sled dog racing. In recent years, companies have been marketing tourist treks with dog sledges for adventure travelers in snow regions as well.^[3] Huskies are also today kept as pets, and groups work to find new pet homes for retired racing and adventure trekking dogs.^[4]

Etymology

The word husky originated from the word referring to Arctic people in general, Eskimos (aka Inuit), "...known as Huskies, a contraction of Huskimos, the pronunciation given to the word "Eskimos" by the English sailors of trading vessels."^[5] Use of Husky is recorded from 1852 for dogs kept by Inuit people.

Lineage

Nearly all dogs' genetic closeness to the gray wolf is due to admixture.^[6] However, several Arctic breeds also show a genetic closeness with the now-extinct Taimyr wolf of North Asia due to admixture: the Siberian Husky and Greenland dog (which are also historically associated with Arctic human populations), and to a lesser extent the Shar Pei and Finnish spitz. An admixture graph of the Greenland dog indicates a best-fit of 3.5% shared material; however, an ancestry proportion ranging between 1.4% and 27.3% is consistent with the data and indicates admixture between the Taimyr wolf and the ancestors these four high-latitude breeds.

This introgression could have provided early dogs living in high latitudes with phenotypic variation beneficial for adaption to a new and challenging environment, contributing significantly to the development of the Husky. It also indicates that the ancestry of present-day dog breeds descends from more than one region.^[7]

Characteristics

Huskies are energetic and athletic. They usually have a thick double coat that can be gray, black, copper red, or white.^[8] Their eyes are typically pale blue, although they may also be brown, green, blue, yellow, or heterochromic. Huskies are more prone to some degree of uveitis than most other breeds.^[9]

Breeds

Husky resting

Husky type dogs originally were landrace breeds kept by Arctic indigenous peoples.^[10]

Examples of these landraces in modern times have been selectively bred and registered with various kennel clubs as modern purebred breeds, including the Siberian Husky from Russia (Siberia) and Greenland Dog from Greenland. The Sakhalin Husky is a Japanese sled dog related to the Japanese Spitz and Akita Inu.

The Alaskan Husky is a type of sled dog found in Alaska (rather than Siberia or other Arctic areas) and the Mackenzie River Husky is a subtype referring to different dog populations in the Arctic and subarctic regions of Alaska and Canada.

Other breeds include American Akita (United States), Alaskan malamute (Alaska, United States), Labrador Husky (Canada), American Eskimo dog (United States), Canadian eskimo dog (Canada), Alaskan Klee Kai, and Laika (Russo-European, Yakutian, others).

Alternate activities

Since many owners now have Husky dogs as pets in settings that are not ideal for sledding, other activities have been found which are good for the dog and fun for the owner.

• Skijoring is an alternative to sled pulling, but mainly used in somewhat the same environment as sledding with the exception that the owner (cross-country skier) does not need a full pack in order to participate.
• Dog hiking is an alternative for owners who live closer to woodland trails. The owner travels with their dogs along trails in the wilderness. This activity allows the owner and dog to gain exercise without using the huskies' strong sense of pulling. Some companies make hiking equipment especially for dogs in which they may carry their own gear including water, food, and bowls for each.
• Carting, also known as dryland mushing or sulky driving, is an urban alternative to dog sledding. Here, the dog can pull a cart which contains either supplies or an individual. These carts can be bought or hand-made by the individual.
• Bikejoring is an activity where the owner bikes along with their dog while they are attached to their bike through a harness which keeps both the dog and owner safe. The dog, or team of dogs can be attached to a towline to also pull the biker.
• Dog scootering is a mushing activity which relates to bikejoring and carting, where the owner rides a scooter that is pulled by the dog.

Huskies in popular culture

The phrase three dog night, meaning it is so cold you would need three dogs in bed with you to keep warm, originated with the Chukchi people of Siberia, who kept the Siberian Husky landrace dog that became the modern purebred breed of Siberian Husky.^[11]

Huskies are the mascots of several post-secondary institutions in the United States, including the Houston Baptist University, the University of Washington, the University of Connecticut, Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, Northeastern University, Michigan Technological University, Northern Illinois University,^[12] St. Cloud State University,^[13] University of Southern Maine,^[14] and the University of Wisconsin-Marathon County.^[15] They are also the mascots for Saint Mary's University (Halifax),^[16] George Brown College (Toronto),^[17] and the University of Saskatchewan in Canada.^[18]

The World War II Allied invasion of Sicily in 1943 was called "Operation Husky".^[19]

Huskies have been the subject of several motion pictures, particularly in the context of sledding, including Balto, Iron Will, Eight Below, and Snow Dogs.^[20]

The Twilight Saga, which features werewolves, and the T.V. show Game of Thrones, which heavily featured Dire Wolves during season one, are thought to have inspired a surge in popularity for husky breeds; however, animal charities have also seen a massive increase in owners abandoning the dogs as they become too difficult.^[21][22][23]

The Television series Due South features a half husky, half wolf named "Diefenbaker" as a major character on the show.

References

1. Schultz, Jeff (28 January 2003). Dogs of the Iditarod. Seattle: Sasquatch Books. p. 41. ISBN 1-57061-292-7.
2. http://www.norsled.org/info.htm
3. Neary, Kathleen. "How Sled Dogs Work". Retrieved 3 June 2015.
4. Keith, Christie (18 February 2011). "Lessons from a sled dog massacre". sfgate. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
5. Dictionary of Newfoundland English, by George Morley Story, W. J. Kirwin, John David Allison Widdowson, pg 263, University of Toronto Press 2004, ISBN 0-8020-6819-7
6. Freedman, A. H.; Gronau, I.; Schweizer, R. M.; Ortega-Del Vecchyo, D.; Han, E.; Silva, P. M.; Galaverni, M.; Fan, Z.; Marx, P.; Lorente-Galdos, B.; Beale, H.; Ramirez, O.; Hormozdiari, F.; Alkan, C.; Vilà, C.; Squire, K.; Geffen, E.; Kusak, J.; Boyko, A. R.; Parker, H. G.; Lee, C.; Tadigotla, V.; Siepel, A.; Bustamante, C. D.; Harkins, T. T.; Nelson, S. F.; Ostrander, E. A.; Marques-Bonet, T.; Wayne, R. K.; Novembre, J. (2014). "Genome Sequencing Highlights the Dynamic Early History of Dogs". PLoS Genetics 10 (1): e1004016. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004016. PMC 3894170. PMID 24453982.
7. Skoglund, P.; Ersmark, E.; Palkopoulou, E.; Dalén, L. (2015). "Ancient Wolf Genome Reveals an Early Divergence of Domestic Dog Ancestors and Admixture into High-Latitude Breeds". Current Biology 25: 1515–9. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.04.019. PMID 26004765.
8. The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English 2009 online http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/husky.aspx
9. Uveodermatologic syndrome, http://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/courses/vet_eyes/conotes/con_chapter_11.html
10. Little Wolf, Stephanie. "A Deeper History of the Origins of The Alaskan Husky". Retrieved 3 June 2015.
11. William James Burroughs (2005). Climate Change in Prehistory: The End of the Reign of Chaos. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 129. ISBN 0-521-82409-5.
12. Arnold, Brandy. "US Colleges & Universities with Dogs for Mascots". The Doginton Post. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
13. "Husky Athletics and Recreation". St. Cloud State University. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
14. "Campus Life". University of Southern Maine. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
15. "UWMC unveils new Husky mascot". University of Wisconsin - Marathon County. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
16. "Saint Mary's This Week". Saint Mary's University. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
17. "George Brown Athletics". George Brown College. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
18. Davis, Tim. "Week 14 - Huskie Athletics Top 100 Moments". Independent Sports News. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
19. "Operation husky: Sicily - 9/10 July 1943". Combined Operations Command. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
20. "Huskies on Film". All About Huskies. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
21. O'Brien, Liam. "Game of Thrones inspired Huskie craze goes cold as owners give up on dogs". The Independent. The Independent. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
22. "Pet ‘fashion victims’ on the rise, warns Blue Cross". Blue Cross. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
23. "How Game of Thrones Influences Breed Trends". Pet360. Retrieved 29 July 2014.