Hydrocotyle
| Hydrocotyle | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Hydrocotyle bowlesioides | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| (unranked): | Angiosperms |
| (unranked): | Eudicots |
| (unranked): | Asterids |
| Order: | Apiales |
| Family: | Araliaceae |
| Subfamily: | Hydrocotyloideae |
| Genus: | Hydrocotyle[1][2][3] L. |
Hydrocotyle sometimes called water pennywort,[4] Indian pennywort, marsh penny, thick-leaved pennywort and even white rot[5] is a genus of prostrate, perennial[6] aquatic or semi-aquatic plants formerly classified in the family Apiaceae, now in the family Araliaceae.[3]
Description
Water pennyworts, Hydrocotyles, are very common. They have long creeping stems that often form dense mats, often in and near ponds, lakes, rivers, marshes[4] and some species in coastal areas by the sea.[7][8]
- Leaves
- Simple, with small leafy outgrowth at the base, kidney shaped to round. Leaf edges are scalloped.
- Flowers
- Flower clusters are simple and flat-topped or rounded. Involucral bracts Inconspicuous bracts at the base of each flower. Indistinct sepals.
- Fruits and reproduction
- Elliptical to round with thin ridges and no oil tubes (vitta) which is characteristic in the fruit of umbelliferous plants.[6]
- The prostrate plants reproduce by seed and by sending roots from stem nodes.[9]
Selected species
The Hydrocotyle genus has between 75 and 100 species.[10] that grow in tropical and temperate regions worldwide[6] A few species have entered the world of cultivated ornamental aquatics.[11] A list of selected species:[1][2][3][10][12][13][14]
- Hydrocotyle americana L. — American marshpennywort
- Hydrocotyle batrachium Hance
- Hydrocotyle benguetensis Elm.
- Hydrocotyle bonariensis Lam. — largeleaf pennywort
- Hydrocotyle bowlesioides Mathias & Constance — largeleaf marshpennywort
- Hydrocotyle calcicola
- Hydrocotyle dichondroides Makino
- Hydrocotyle dielsiana
- Hydrocotyle heteromeria — waxweed
- Hydrocotyle hexagona
- Hydrocotyle himalaica
- Hydrocotyle hirsuta Sw. — yerba de clavo
- Hydrocotyle hitchcockii
- Hydrocotyle hookeri
- Hydrocotyle javanica Thunb.
- Hydrocotyle keelungensis Liu, Chao & Chuang
- Hydrocotyle leucocephala Cham. & Schltdl. — Brazilian pennywort
- Hydrocotyle mannii Hook.f.
- Hydrocotyle microphylla A.Cunn.
- Hydrocotyle moschata G. Forst. — musky marshpennywort
- Hydrocotyle nepalensis Hook.
- Hydrocotyle novae-zelandiae DC.
- Hydrocotyle prolifera Kellogg — whorled marshpennywort
- Hydrocotyle pseudoconferta
- Hydrocotyle pusilla A. Rich. — tropical marshpennywort
- Hydrocotyle ramiflora
- Hydrocotyle ranunculoides L. f. — floating marshpennywort, floating marshpennywort, floating pennyroyal
- Hydrocotyle salwinica
- Hydrocotyle setulosa Hayata
- Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. — lawn marshpennywort
- Hydrocotyle tambalomaensis
- Hydrocotyle tripartita
- Hydrocotyle umbellata L. — manyflower marshpennywort, umbrella pennyroyal
- Hydrocotyle verticillata Thunb. — whorled marshpennywort, whorled marshpennywort, whorled pennyroyal
- Hydrocotyle vulgaris L.
- Hydrocotyle wilfordii
- Hydrocotyle wilsonii
- Hydrocotyle yanghuangensis
Distribution
Hydrocotyleae grow in wet and damp places in the tropics and the temperate zones.[6]
References
- 1 2 "Hydrocotyle L.". African Plants Database. South African National Biodiversity Institute, the Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève and Tela Botanica. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
- 1 2 Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). "Classification for Kingdom Plantae Down to Genus Hydrocotyle L.". The PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture,. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
- 1 2 3 Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) (2006-04-02). "Genus: Hydrocotyle L.". Taxonomy for Plants. USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
- 1 2 University of Florida Herbarium (2005). "Hydrocotyle species". Aquatic, Wetland and Invasive Plant Particulars and Photographs. University of Florida, Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
- ↑ M. Grieve (1931). "Hydrocotyle". A Modern Herbal. © Copyright Protected 1995-2008 Botanical.com. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
- 1 2 3 4 Flora of China. "Hydrocotyle Linn.". Family List. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
- ↑ Aluka. "Hydrocotyle bonariensis Lam. [family UMBELLIFERAE]". African Plants. Ithaka Harbors, Inc. doi:10.5555/AL.AP.COMPILATION.PLANT-NAME-SPECIES.HYDROCOTYLE.BONARIENSIS. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
- ↑ Klein, Alecsandro Schardosim; Citadini-Zanette, Vanilde; dos Santos, Robson (September 2007). "Florística e estrutura comunitária de restinga herbácea no município de Araranguá, Santa Catarina" (– Scholar search). Biotemas (in Portuguese) 20 (3): 15–26. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
- ↑ Watson, Mark F. "Hydrocotyle L". Flora of Bhutan. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
- 1 2 Flora of China. "1. Hydrocotyle Linnaeus". Family List 14. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
- ↑ "Pennywort, Genus Hydrocotyle". The Aquarium Gardener Series. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
- ↑ Taiwan Plant Names. "Hydrocotyle Linn". Family List III. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
- ↑ Madagascar Catalog. "Hydrocotyle L.". Genus Page. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
- ↑ "hydrocotyle". New Zealand Weeds. Massey University: Institute of Natural Resources. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hydrocotyle. |
- "Hydrocotyle". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 25 April 2008.
- Lamarck, Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet de; Poiret, Jean Louis Marie (1783–1808). "HYD". Encyclopédie méthodique: botanique /Par m. le chevalier de Lamarck. Vol. 3. QK7.L36 1783-1808.
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