Hyphessobrycon

Hyphessobrycon
Hyphessobrycon eos
Hyphessobrycon pulchripinnis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Characiformes
Family:	Characidae
Genus:	Hyphessobrycon Durbin, 1908
Type species
Hemigrammus compressus Meek, 1904
Synonyms
Dermatocheir Durbin, 1909 Megalamphodus Eigenmann, 1915 Pseudopristella Géry, 1960

Hyphessobrycon is a genus of freshwater fish in the family Characidae of order Characiformes. These species are among the fishes known as tetras. Almost all species of this genus are native to the Neotropic ecozone in South America; about half a dozen species are from Central America and a single species, H. compressus, is from southern Mexico.

Taxonomy

This large genus of characins includes over 140 species.^[1] The systematics of Hyphessobrycon are still largely unresolved.^[2] Six groups within this genus have been recognized based on color patterns alone.^[1] With no phylogenetic analysis of this genus, species are placed into this genus as anatomically defined by Carl H. Eigenmann in 1917.^[3] By this definition, Hyphessobrycon is identified by the presence of an adipose fin, incomplete lateral line, two tooth series in the premaxilla, with the teeth of the external series continuous in a single series, teeth not strictly conical, preventral scales arranged in more than one row and lack of scales in the caudal fin.^[3] The characteristic of extension of scales onto the caudal fin that differentiates this genus from Hemigrammus is not satisfactory as it occurs in intermediate conditions.^[3]

This genus is not monophyletic.^[3] A monophyletic group within Hyphessobrycon has been hypothesized, termed the rosy tetra clade; this group is based upon coloration pattern and the shape of dorsal and anal fins of males.^[1] Recognition of monophyletic groups among Hyphessobrycon species is complicated by the difficulty in finding characters useful for hypothesis of relationships among the species.^[1] Traditional characters used to identify Hyphessobrycon are phylogenetically unreliable.^[1]

Etymology

The generic name, Hyphessobrycon, is of slightly uncertain origin. The second part derives from the Greek βρύκω (to bite); the first, derives from an ostensible Greek hyphesson, which may be an error for υπελάσσων (slightly smaller).^[4]

Distribution

The genus is distributed from southern Mexico to Río de la Plata in Argentina, achieving its highest species diversity east of the Andes in northern South America.^[2]

Appearance and anatomy

All small fishes, the Hyphessobrycon tetras reach maximum overall lengths of about 2–7 cm (0.75–2.75 in). There is great anatomical diversity in this genus.^[3] They are generally of typical characin shape, but vary greatly in coloration and body form, many species having distinctive black, red, or yellow markings on their bodies or fins.

Ecology

The Hyphessobrycon species are generally omnivorous, feeding predominantly on small crustaceans, insects, annelid worms and zooplankton. When spawning, they scatter their eggs and guard neither eggs nor young.

Relationship to humans

None of the roughly one hundred fishes in the genus has been rated by the IUCN, but many species have small distributions and at least one, H. flammeus, is believed to be extinct in the wild. These species has occurrence in streams and coastal rivers of Rio de Janeiro State, in Guanabara Bay basin, middle rio Paraíba do Sul basin and rio Guandu basin. In the upper rio Tietê drainage (upper rio Paraná basin, São Paulo State) it is found around of the metropolitan region of São Paulo city.^[5] Many Hyphessobrycon species are popular aquarium fish.

Species

There are currently 145 recognized species in this genus:

Hyphessobrycon acaciae García-Alzate, Román-Valencia & Prada-Pedreros, 2010 Hyphessobrycon agulha Fowler, 1913 Hyphessobrycon albolineatum Fernández-Yépez, 1950 Hyphessobrycon amandae Géry & Uj, 1987 (Ember tetra) Hyphessobrycon amapaensis Zarske & Géry, 1998 (Red-line tetra) Hyphessobrycon amaronensis García-Alzate, Román-Valencia & Taphorn, 2010 Hyphessobrycon anisitsi (C. H. Eigenmann, 1907) (Buenos Aires tetra) Hyphessobrycon arianae Uj & Géry, 1989 Hyphessobrycon auca Almirón, Casciotta, Bechara & Ruiz Díaz, 2004 Hyphessobrycon axelrodi (Travassos, 1959) (Calypso tetra) Hyphessobrycon balbus G. S. Myers, 1927 Hyphessobrycon bentosi Durbin, 1908 (Ornate tetra) Hyphessobrycon bifasciatus Durbin, 1911 (Yellow tetra) Hyphessobrycon borealis Zarske, Le Bail & Géry, 2006 Hyphessobrycon boulengeri (C. H. Eigenmann, 1907) Hyphessobrycon brumado Zanata & Camelier, 2010 Hyphessobrycon cachimbensis Travassos, 1964 Hyphessobrycon catableptus (Durbin, 1909) Hyphessobrycon chocoensis García-Alzate, Román-Valencia & Taphorn, 2013 [6] Hyphessobrycon clavatus Zarske, 2015 [7] Hyphessobrycon coelestinus G. S. Myers, 1929 Hyphessobrycon columbianus Zarske & Géry, 2002 Hyphessobrycon compressus (Meek, 1904) (Mayan tetra) [8] Hyphessobrycon condotensis Regan, 1913 Hyphessobrycon copelandi Durbin, 1908 Hyphessobrycon cyanotaenia Zarske & Géry, 2006 (Lapis tetra) [9] Hyphessobrycon delimai T. F. Teixeira, Netto-Ferreira, Birindelli & L. M. Sousa, 2016 [10] Hyphessobrycon diancistrus S. H. Weitzman, 1977 Hyphessobrycon diastatos D'Agosta, Marinho & Camelier, 2014 [11] Hyphessobrycon dorsalis Zarske, 2014 [12] Hyphessobrycon duragenys Durbin, 1911 Hyphessobrycon ecuadorensis (C. H. Eigenmann, 1915) Hyphessobrycon ecuadoriensis C. H. Eigenmann & Henn, 1914 Hyphessobrycon eilyos F. C. T. Lima & C. L. R. Moreira, 2003 [2] Hyphessobrycon elachys M. J. Weitzman, 1984 Hyphessobrycon ellisae Bragança, Ottoni & Rangel-Pereira, 2015 [13] Hyphessobrycon eos Durbin, 1909 (Dawn tetra) Hyphessobrycon epicharis S. H. Weitzman & L. F. Palmer, 1997 Hyphessobrycon eques (Steindachner, 1882) (Jewel tetra) Hyphessobrycon erythrostigma (Fowler, 1943) (Bleeding-heart tetra) Hyphessobrycon eschwartzae García-Alzate, Román-Valencia & H. Ortega, 2013 [14] Hyphessobrycon fernandezi Fernández-Yépez, 1972 Hyphessobrycon flammeus G. S. Myers, 1924 (Flame tetra) [5] Hyphessobrycon frankei Zarske & Géry, 1997 Hyphessobrycon georgettae Géry, 1961 Hyphessobrycon gracilior Géry, 1964 Hyphessobrycon griemi Hoedeman, 1957 (Gold-spotted tetra) Hyphessobrycon guarani Mahnert & Géry, 1987 Hyphessobrycon hamatus Bertaco & L. R. Malabarba, 2005 [1] Hyphessobrycon haraldschultzi Travassos, 1960 Hyphessobrycon hasemani Fowler, 1913 Hyphessobrycon heliacus C. L. R. Moreira, Landim & W. J. E. M. Costa, 2002 Hyphessobrycon herbertaxelrodi Géry, 1961 (Black-neon tetra) Hyphessobrycon heteresthes (Ulrey, 1894) Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus (Ulrey, 1894) (Flag tetra) Hyphessobrycon hexastichos Bertaco & T. P. Carvalho, 2005 [15] Hyphessobrycon hildae Fernández-Yépez, 1950 Hyphessobrycon igneus Miquelarena, Menni, H. L. López & Casciotta, 1980 Hyphessobrycon iheringi Fowler, 1941 Hyphessobrycon inconstans (C. H. Eigenmann & Ogle, 1907) Hyphessobrycon isiri Almirón, Casciotta & Körber, 2006 Hyphessobrycon itaparicensis S. M. Q. Lima & W. J. E. M. Costa, 2001 Hyphessobrycon jackrobertsi Zarske, 2014 [12] Hyphessobrycon kayabi T. F. Teixeira, F. C. T. Lima & Zuanon, 2014 [16] Hyphessobrycon khardinae Zarske, 2008 [17] Hyphessobrycon krenakore T. F. Teixeira, Netto-Ferreira, Birindelli & L. M. Sousa, 2016 [10] Hyphessobrycon langeanii F. C. T. Lima & C. L. R. Moreira, 2003 [2] Hyphessobrycon latus Fowler, 1941 Hyphessobrycon loretoensis Ladiges, 1938 (Loreto tetra) Hyphessobrycon loweae W. J. E. M. Costa & Géry, 1994 Hyphessobrycon lucenorum Ohara & F. C. T. Lima, 2015 [18] Hyphessobrycon luetkenii (Boulenger, 1887) Hyphessobrycon maculicauda C. G. E. Ahl, 1936

Hyphessobrycon mavro García-Alzate, Román-Valencia & Prada-Pedreros, 2010 Hyphessobrycon megalopterus (C. H. Eigenmann, 1915) (Black-phantom tetra) Hyphessobrycon melanostichos T. P. Carvalho & Bertaco, 2006 [19] Hyphessobrycon melasemeion Fowler, 1945 Hyphessobrycon melazonatus Durbin, 1908 Hyphessobrycon meridionalis Ringuelet, Miquelarena & Menni, 1978 Hyphessobrycon metae C. H. Eigenmann & Henn, 1914 Hyphessobrycon micropterus (C. H. Eigenmann, 1915) Hyphessobrycon minimus Durbin, 1909 Hyphessobrycon minor Durbin, 1909 Hyphessobrycon moniliger C. L. R. Moreira, F. C. T. Lima & W. J. E. M. Costa, 2002 Hyphessobrycon montagi F. C. T. Lima, D. P. Coutinho & Wosiacki, 2014 [20] Hyphessobrycon mutabilis W. J. E. M. Costa & Géry, 1994 Hyphessobrycon natagaima García-Alzate, Taphorn, Román-Valencia & Villa-Navarro, 2015 [21] Hyphessobrycon negodagua F. C. T. Lima & Gerhard, 2001 Hyphessobrycon nicolasi Miquelarena & H. L. López, 2010 Hyphessobrycon niger García-Alzate, Román-Valencia & Prada-Pedreros, 2010 Hyphessobrycon nigricinctus Zarske & Géry, 2004 (Morado tetra) Hyphessobrycon notidanos T. P. Carvalho & Bertaco, 2006 [19] Hyphessobrycon ocasoensis García-Alzate & Román-Valencia, 2008 Hyphessobrycon oritoensis García-Alzate, Román-Valencia & Taphorn, 2008 [22] Hyphessobrycon otrynus Benine & G. A. M. Lopes, 2008 Hyphessobrycon paepkei Zarske, 2014 [12] Hyphessobrycon panamensis Durbin, 1908 Hyphessobrycon pando Hein, 2009 (Pando tetra) Hyphessobrycon parvellus Durbin, 1911 Hyphessobrycon paucilepis García-Alzate, Román-Valencia & Taphorn, 2008 Hyphessobrycon peruvianus Ladiges, 1938 (Peruvian tetra) Hyphessobrycon peugeoti Ingenito, F. C. T. Lima & Buckup, 2013 [23] Hyphessobrycon piabinhas Fowler, 1941 Hyphessobrycon poecilioides C. H. Eigenmann, 1913 Hyphessobrycon procerus Mahnert & Géry, 1987 Hyphessobrycon proteus C. H. Eigenmann, 1913 Hyphessobrycon psittacus D'Agosta, Marinho, Camelier & F. C. T. Lima, 2016 [9] Hyphessobrycon pulchripinnis C. G. E. Ahl, 1937 (Lemon tetra) Hyphessobrycon pyrrhonotus W. E. Burgess, 1993 Hyphessobrycon pytai Géry & Mahnert, 1993 Hyphessobrycon reticulatus Durbin, 1911 Hyphessobrycon robustulus (Cope, 1870) Hyphessobrycon rosaceus Durbin, 1909 (Rosy tetra) Hyphessobrycon roseus (Géry, 1960) (Yellow-phantom tetra) Hyphessobrycon rutiliflavidus F. R. de Carvalho, Langeani, Miyazawa & Troy, 2008 [24] Hyphessobrycon saizi Géry, 1964 Hyphessobrycon santae (C. H. Eigenmann, 1907) Hyphessobrycon savagei W. A. Bussing, 1967 Hyphessobrycon schauenseei Fowler, 1926 Hyphessobrycon scholzei C. G. E. Ahl, 1937 (Black-line tetra) Hyphessobrycon scutulatus C. A. S. Lucena, 2003 [3] Hyphessobrycon sebastiani García-Alzate, Román-Valencia & Taphorn, 2010 Hyphessobrycon simulatus (Géry, 1960) Hyphessobrycon socolofi S. H. Weitzman, 1977 (Spot-fin tetra) Hyphessobrycon sovichthys L. P. Schultz, 1944 Hyphessobrycon stegemanni Géry, 1961 (Savanna tetra) Hyphessobrycon stramineus Durbin, 1918 Hyphessobrycon sweglesi (Géry, 1961) (Red-phantom tetra) Hyphessobrycon taguae García-Alzate, Román-Valencia & Taphorn, 2010 Hyphessobrycon takasei Géry, 1964 (Coffee-bean tetra) Hyphessobrycon taphorni García-Alzate, Román-Valencia & H. Ortega, 2013 [14] Hyphessobrycon taurocephalus Durbin, 1911 Hyphessobrycon tenuis Géry, 1964 Hyphessobrycon togoi Miquelarena & H. L. López, 2006 Hyphessobrycon tortuguerae J. E. Böhlke, 1958 Hyphessobrycon tropis Géry, 1963 Hyphessobrycon tukunai Géry, 1965 Hyphessobrycon tuyensis García-Alzate, Román-Valencia & Taphorn, 2008 Hyphessobrycon uaiso F. R. de Carvalho & Langeani, 2013 [25] Hyphessobrycon vanzolinii F. C. T. Lima & Flausino, 2016 [26] Hyphessobrycon vilmae Géry, 1966 Hyphessobrycon vinaceus Bertaco, L. R. Malabarba & Dergam, 2007 Hyphessobrycon wajat Almirón & Casciotta, 1999 Hyphessobrycon weitzmanorum F. C. T. Lima & C. L. R. Moreira, 2003 Hyphessobrycon werneri Géry & Uj, 1987

References

1. Bertaco, V.A & Malabarba, L.R. (2005). "A new species of Hyphessobrycon (Teleostei: Characidae) from the upper rio Tocantins drainage, with bony hooks on fins" (PDF). Neotropical Ichthyology, 3 (1): 83–88.
2. Lima, F.C.T. & Moreira, C.R. (2003). "Three new species of Hyphessobrycon (Characiformes: Characidae) from the upper rio Araguaia basin in Brazil" (PDF). Neotropical Ichthyology, 1 (1): 21–33.
3. Lucena, C.A.S.d. (2003). "New characid fish, Hyphessobrycon scutulatus, from the rio Teles Pires drainage, upper rio Tapajós system (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Characidae)" (PDF). Neotropical Ichthyology, 1 (2): 93–96.
4. Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2016). Species of Hyphessobrycon in FishBase. January 2016 version.
5. Carvalho, F.R., Jesus, G.C.d. & Langeani, F. (2014): Redescription of Hyphessobrycon flammeus Myers, 1924 (Ostariophysi: Characidae), a threatened species from Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology, 12 (2): 247-256.
6. García-Alzate, C.A., Román-Valencia, C. & Taphorn, D.C. (2013): A new species of Hyphessobrycon (Characiformes: Characidae) from the Telembí River drainage, Southern Pacific slope of Colombia. Revista de Biología Tropical, 61 (1): 181-192.
7. Zarske, A. (2015). "Hyphessobrycon clavatus spec. nov. – ein neuer Salmler aus Peru (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae)" (PDF). Vertebrate Zoology, 65 (3): 287–296.
8. Carvalho, F.R. & Malabarba, L.R. (2015): Redescription and osteology of Hyphessobrycon compressus (Meek) (Teleostei: Characidae), type species of the genus. Neotropical Ichthyology, 13 (3): 513-540.
9. Dagosta, F.C.P., Marinho, M.M.F., Camelier, P. & Lima, F.C.T. (2016): A New Species of Hyphessobrycon (Characiformes: Characidae) from the Upper Rio Juruena Basin, Central Brazil, with a Redescription of H. cyanotaenia. Copeia, 104 (1): 250-259.
10. Teixeira, T.F., Netto-Ferreira, A.L., Birindelli, J.L.O. & Sousa, L.M. (2016): Two new species of Hyphessobrycon (Characiformes: Characidae) from the headwaters of the Tapajós and Xingu River basins, Pará, Brazil. Journal of Fish Biology, 88 (2): 459-476.
11. Dagosta, F.C.P., Marinho, M.M.F. & Camelier, P. (2014): A new species of Hyphessobrycon Durbin (Characiformes: Characidae) from the middle rio São Francisco and upper and middle rio Tocantins basins, Brazil, with comments on its biogeographic history. Neotropical Ichthyology, 12 (2): 365-375.
12. Zarske, A. (2014): Zur Systematik einiger Blutsalmler oder „Rosy Tetras“ (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characidae). Vertebrate Zoology, 64 (2): 139–167.
13. Bragança, P.H.N.d., Ottoni, F.P. & Rangel-Pereira, F.S. (2015): Hyphessobrycon ellisae, a new species from northeastern Brazil (Teleostei: Characidae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 26 (3): 255-262.
14. García-Alzate, C.A., Román-Valencia, C. & Ortega, H. (2013): Hyphessobrycon taphorni and H. eschwartzae (Teleostei: Characidae) two new species of fish in the basin of Madre de Dios river, Peru. Revista de Biología Tropical, 61 (2): 859-873.
15. Bertaco, V.A. & Carvalho, T.P. (2005). "A new characid fish, Hyphessobrycon hexastichos (Characiformes: Characidae) from Chapada dos Parecis, Mato Grosso, Brazil" (PDF). Neotropical Ichthyology, 3 (3): 439–443.
16. Teixeira, T.F., Lima, F.C.T. & Zuanon, J. (2014): A New Hyphessobrycon Durbin from the Rio Teles Pires, Rio Tapajós Basin, Mato Grosso State, Brazil (Characiformes: Characidae). Copeia, 2013 (4) [2014]: 612-621.
17. Zarske, A. (2008). "Hyphessobrycon khardinae sp. n. – ein neuer Blutsalmler aus Brasilien (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae)". Vertebrate Zoology, 58 (1): 5–13.
18. Ohara, W.M. & Lima, F.C.T. (2015): Hyphessobrycon lucenorum (Characiformes: Characidae), a new species from the rio Madeira basin, Rondônia State, Brazil. Zootaxa, 3972 (4): 562–572.
19. Carvalho, T.P. & Bertaco, V.A. (2006). "Two new species of Hyphessobrycon (Teleostei: Characidae) from upper rio Tapajós basin on Chapada dos Parecis, central Brazil" (PDF). Neotropical Ichthyology, 4 (3): 301–308.
20. Lima, F.C.T., Coutinho, D.P. & Wosiacki, W.B. (2014): A new Hyphessobrycon (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Characidae) from the middle Amazon basin, Brazil. Zootaxa, 3872 (2): 167–179.
21. García-Alzate, C.A., Taphorn, D.C., Roman-Valencia, C. & Villa-Navarro, F.A. (2015): Hyphessobrycon natagaima (Characiformes: Characidae) a new species from Colombia, with a key to the Magdalena Basin Hyphessobrycon species. Caldasia, 37 (1): 221-232.
22. García-Alzate, C.A., Román-Valencia, C. & Taphorn, D.C. (2008). "Hyphessobrycon oritoensis (Characiformes: Characidae), a new species from the Putumayo River drainage, Colombian Amazon" (PDF). Zootaxa, 1813: 42–50.
23. Ingenito, L.F.S., Lima, F.C.T. & Buckup, P.A. (2013): A new species of Hyphessobrycon Durbin (Characiformes: Characidae) from the rio Juruena basin, Central Brazil, with notes on H. loweae Costa & Géry. Neotropical Ichthyology, 11 (1): 33-44.
24. Carvalho, F.R., Langeani, F., Miyazawa, C.S. & Troy, W.P. (2008). "Hyphessobrycon rutiliflavidus n. sp., a new characid fish from the upper rio Paraguai, State of Mato Grosso, Brazil (Characiformes: Characidae)" (PDF). Zootaxa, 1674: 39–49.
25. Carvalho, F.R. & Langeani, F. (2013): Hyphessobrycon uaiso: new characid fish from the rio Grande, upper rio Paraná basin, Minas Gerais State (Ostariophysi: Characidae), with a brief comment about some types of Hyphessobrycon. Neotropical Ichthyology, 11 (3): 525-536.
26. Lima, F.C.T. & Flausino, N.Jr. (2016): Hyphessobrycon vanzolinii, a new species from rio Tapajós, Amazon basin, Brazil (Characiformes: Characidae). aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology, 22 (2): 89-95.