Elymus hystrix

Bottlebrush grass
Inflorescences
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Monocots
(unranked): Commelinids
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Genus: Elymus
Species: E. hystrix
Binomial name
Elymus hystrix
L.
Synonyms

Hystrix patula Moench

Elymus hystrix, known as eastern bottlebrush grass,[1] or bottle-brush-grass,[2] is a bunchgrass in the grass family, Poaceae. It is native to the Eastern United States and Eastern Canada.

Description

Elymus hystrix is a herbaceous plant with alternate, simple leaves, on erect stems. The flowers are white and bloom in spring. Elymus hystrix ranges from approximately two and a half to four and a half feet in height. There are usually two spikelets at each of the five to nine nodes of the plant. Unlike some similar native grasses, the blades of Elymus hystrix do not have glumes surrounding its spikelets.[3]

Elymus hystrix can reproduce using its own pollen and is thus said to be "self-compatible".[4] Elymus hystrix is a perennial meaning it does not completely die at the end of each season, but comes back the next year.[4]

Elymus hystrix has four copies of its genome, exhibiting a type of polyploidy called tetraploidy.[3]

Taxonomy

Elymus hystrix was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. It was transferred to the new genus Hystrix as the type species Hystrix patula by Conrad Moench in 1794. Genomic studies from the 1960s onwards showed that it does in fact belong in Elymus.[5]

Distribution and habitat

Elymus hystrix is found along the East Coast of the United States as well as in Eastern Canada. It is usually found in rocky, wet, and partially shaded habitat such as near rivers, creeks, or woods.[3] Elymus hystrix does not grow well in heavily shaded areas[6] and often inhabits the regions on the edge of shaded wooded areas such as forests.[6] Growth of Elymus hystrix appears to be inhibited by excess shade, but is relatively resistant to soil compaction when compared to other herbaceous plant species.[6]

Potential as a food crop

Mus musculus, or mice, feed on Elymus seeds.[7] It is reasonable that through domestication and enhancement of seed size and nutritional value seeds of Elymus hystrix could be useful for consumption by other vertebrates such as humans. Similar species of grasses are eaten by livestock throughout the United States.[8] Other Elymus species have been found to be high in crude protein when compared to other native grasses, but research is needed to investigate whether specifically Elymus hystrix also exhibits this trait.[8] It is also not immediately evident how nutritious the herbaceous grassy portion of the plant would be to humans, but potential for Elymus hystrix as a food source for livestock is also of interest.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Elymus hystrix.

References

  1. ↑ "Elymus hystrix". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
  2. ↑ "BSBI List 2007". Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-02-25. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  3. 1 2 3 Hai-Qin, Zhang, Xing Fan, Li-Na Sha, Hou-Yang Kang, Xiao-Li Wang, and Yong-Hong Zhou. (2010) Morphological Variation in Elymus Hystrix L. (Poaceae: Triticeae). Caryologia 63.4: 359-66.
  4. 1 2 Tintjer, Tammy, and Jennifer A. Rudgers. (2006) Grass-herbivore Interactions Altered by Strains of a Native Endophyte. New Phytologist New Phytol 170.3: 513-21. Web.
  5. ↑ Zhang, Hai-Qin; Yang, Rui-Wu; Yang, Cai-Rong; Huang, Yan; Fan, Xing; Sha, Li-Na; Kang, Hou-Yang; Wang, Yi & Zhou, Yong-Hong (2014). "What Became of Hystrix?". Journal of Systematics and Evolution 52 (6): 712–715. doi:10.1111/jse.12116.
  6. 1 2 3 Small, Christine J., and Brian C. Mccarthy. (2002) Effects of Simulated Post-harvest Light Availability and Soil Compaction on Deciduous Forest Herbs. Canadian Journal of Forest Research Can. J. For. Res. 32.10: 1753-762.
  7. ↑ Whitaker, J. O. (1966) Food of Mus Musculus, Peromyscus Maniculatus Bairdi and Peromyscus Leucopus in Vigo County, Indiana. Journal of Mammalogy 47.3: 473-86.
  8. 1 2 Ganskopp, Dave and Dave Bohnert. (2001). Nutritional Dynamics of 7 Northern Great Basin Grasses. Journal of Range Management. 54(6), 640–647.
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