Ice-ice

Not to be confused with Ice.
Kappaphycus sp. with ice-ice

Ice-ice is a disease condition of seaweed. Ice-ice is caused when changes in salinity, ocean temperature and light intensity cause stress to seaweeds, making them produce a "moist organic substance" that attracts bacteria in the water and induces the characteristic "whitening" and hardening of the seaweed's tissues.[1] Bacteria involved include those in the Vibrio-Aeromonas and Cytophaga-Flavobacteria complexes.[2] The bacteria lyse epidermal cells and chloroplasts, turning the seaweed tissue white.[2] The disease is known from seaweeds including Kappaphycus alvarezii and Eucheuma denticulatum, economically important sources of carrageenan.[2][3] In countries where seaweed is harvested as a crop, ice-ice can wreak havoc on yields. Zamboanga, Philippines, had an outbreak of ice-ice in 2004,[1] and Bali, Indonesia, experienced an outbreak in 2009.[4] A rise in surface sea temperatures of 2-3 degrees Celsius can trigger ice-ice outbreaks.[4]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 DOST.gov.ph:
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Hurtado, A. J., et al. (2006). Occurrence of Polysiphonia epiphytes in Kappaphycus farms at Calaguas Is., Camarines Norte, Philippines. Journal of Applied Phycology 18:301-06.
  3. ↑ Largo, D. B., et al. (1995). Laboratory-induced development of the ice-ice disease of the farmed red algae Kappaphycus alvarezii and Eucheuma denticulatum (Solieriaceae, Gigartinales, Rhodophyta). Journal of Applied Phycology. 7:6.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 JakartaPost: Rising sea temperatures bad news for seaweed farmers
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