Impulse (physics)

Common symbols	J, Imp
SI unit	N · s
Other units	pound · s
SI dimension	momentum
Conserved?	yes

Classical mechanics
$\vec{F} = m\vec{a}$ Second law of motion
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In classical mechanics, impulse (symbolized by J or Imp^[1]) is the integral of a force, F, over the time interval, t, for which it acts. Since force is a vector quantity, impulse is also a vector in the same direction. Impulse applied to an object produces an equivalent vector change in its linear momentum, also in the same direction.^[2] The SI unit of impulse is the newton second (N·s), and the dimensionally equivalent unit of momentum is the kilogram meter per second (kg·m/s). The corresponding English engineering units are the pound-second (lbf·s) and the slug-foot per second (slug·ft/s).

A resultant force causes acceleration and a change in the velocity of the body for as long as it acts. A resultant force applied over a longer time therefore produces a bigger change in linear momentum than the same force applied briefly: the change in momentum is equal to the product of the average force and duration. Conversely, a small force applied for a long time produces the same change in momentum—the same impulse—as a larger force applied briefly.

J = F_{average} (t_2 - t_1)

The impulse is the integral of the resultant force (F) with respect to time:

J = \int F dt

Mathematical derivation in the case of an object of constant mass

The impulse delivered by the sad^[3] ball is mv₀, where v₀ is the speed upon impact. To the extent that it bounces back with speed v₀, the happy ball delivers an impulse of mΔv=2mv₀.

Impulse J produced from time t₁ to t₂ is defined to be^[4]

\mathbf{J} = \int_{t_1}^{t_2} \mathbf{F}\, dt

where F is the resultant force applied from t₁ to t₂.

From Newton's second law, force is related to momentum p by

\mathbf{F} = \frac{d\mathbf{p}}{dt}

Therefore,

\begin{align} \mathbf{J} &= \int_{t_1}^{t_2} \frac{d\mathbf{p}}{dt}\, dt \\ &= \int_{p_1}^{p_2} d\mathbf{p} \\ &= \mathbf{p_2} - \mathbf{p_1} = \Delta \mathbf{p} \end{align}

where Δp is the change in linear momentum from time t₁ to t₂. This is often called the impulse-momentum theorem.^[5]

As a result, an impulse may also be regarded as the change in momentum of an object to which a resultant force is applied. The impulse may be expressed in a simpler form when the mass is constant:

\mathbf{J} = \int_{t_1}^{t_2} \mathbf{F}\, dt = \Delta\mathbf{p} = m \mathbf{v_2} - m \mathbf{v_1}

where

F is the resultant force applied,

t₁ and t₂ are times when the impulse begins and ends, respectively,

m is the mass of the object,

v₂ is the final velocity of the object at the end of the time interval, and

v₁ is the initial velocity of the object when the time interval begins.

Impulse has the same units and dimensions (M L T⁻¹) as momentum. In the International System of Units, these are kg·m/s = N·s. In English engineering units, they are slug·ft/s = lbf·s.

A large force applied for a very short duration, such as a golf shot, is often described as the club giving the ball an impulse.

The term "impulse" is also used to refer to a fast-acting force or impact. This type of impulse is often idealized so that the change in momentum produced by the force happens with no change in time. This sort of change is a step change, and is not physically possible. However, this is a useful model for computing the effects of ideal collisions (such as in game physics engines).

Variable mass

Further information: Specific impulse

The application of Newton's second law for variable mass allows impulse and momentum to be used as analysis tools for jet- or rocket-propelled vehicles. In the case of rockets, the impulse imparted can be normalized by unit of propellant expended, to create a performance parameter, specific impulse. This fact can be used to derive the Tsiolkovsky rocket equation, which relates the vehicle's propulsive change in velocity to the engine's specific impulse (or nozzle exhaust velocity) and the vehicle's propellant-mass ratio.

Notes

↑ Beer, F.P., E.R. Johnston, Jr., D.F. Mazurek, P.J. Cornwell, and E.R. Eisenberg. (2010). Vector Mechanics for Engineers; Statics and Dynamics. 9th ed. Toronto: McGraw-Hill.
↑ Impulse of Force, Hyperphysics
↑ http://materialseducation.org/educators/matedu-modules/docs/Property_Differences_in_Polymers.pdf
↑ Hibbeler, Russell C. (2010). Engineering Mechanics (12th ed.). Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 222. ISBN 0-13-607791-9.
↑ See, for example, section 9.2, page 257, of Serway (2004).

Bibliography

Serway, Raymond A.; Jewett, John W. (2004). Physics for Scientists and Engineers (6th ed.). Brooks/Cole. ISBN 0-534-40842-7.
Tipler, Paul (2004). Physics for Scientists and Engineers: Mechanics, Oscillations and Waves, Thermodynamics (5th ed.). W. H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-0809-4.

External links

Dynamics

Classical mechanics SI units

Dimensions	—	L	L²	Dimensions	—	—	—
Linear/translational quantities				Angular/rotational quantities
T	time: $t$ s	absement: $A$ m s		T	time: $t$ s
—		distance: $d$ , position: $r$ , $s$ , $x$ , displacement m	area: $A$ m²	—		angle: $θ$ , angular displacement: $θ$ rad	solid angle: $Ω$ rad², sr
T⁻¹	frequency: $f$ s⁻¹, Hz	speed: $v$ , velocity: $v$ m s⁻¹	kinematic viscosity: $ν$ , specific angular momentum: $h$ m² s⁻¹	T⁻¹	frequency: $f$ s⁻¹, Hz	angular speed: $ω$ , angular velocity: $ω$ rad s⁻¹
T⁻²		acceleration: $a$ m s⁻²		T⁻²		angular acceleration: $α$ rad s⁻²
T⁻³		jerk: $j$ m s⁻³		T⁻³		angular jerk: $ζ$ rad s⁻³

M	mass: $m$ kg			ML²	moment of inertia: $I$ kg m²
MT⁻¹		momentum: $p$ , impulse: $J$ kg m s⁻¹, N s	action: $𝒮$ , actergy: $ℵ$ kg m² s⁻¹, J s	ML²T⁻¹		angular momentum: $L$ , angular impulse: $Δ L$ kg m² s⁻¹	action: $𝒮$ , actergy: $ℵ$ kg m² s⁻¹, J s
MT⁻²		force: $F$ , weight: $F g$ kg m s⁻², N	energy: $E$ , work: $W$ kg m² s⁻², J	ML²T⁻²		torque: $τ$ , moment: $M$ kg m² s⁻², N m	energy: $E$ , work: $W$ kg m² s⁻², J
MT⁻³		yank: $Y$ kg m s⁻³, N s⁻¹	power: $P$ kg m² s⁻³, W	ML²T⁻³		rotatum: $P$ kg m² s⁻³, N m s⁻¹	power: $P$ kg m²s⁻³, W

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