Inboekstelsel

Inboekstelsel was a system of indentured child labour in Southern Africa during the 18th and 19th century.[1] The word is derived from the Dutch verb "inboek" (register; literally "in-book"), referring to the requirement of entering the names and details of the "inboekeling", or apprentices, in the Landdros's register.[2]

The system had its origin in the Cape Northern Frontier during the second half of the 18th century, when settlers would capture Khoi and San children, who became indentured labourers.[3]

When Boer trekkers migrated into the Transvaal during the 1840s, they brought the imboekstelsel system with them.[4] Inboekelinge children were captured during raids, or handed over by their parents in return for land or goods.[1] In some cases they were sold to other burghers, in what became known as the trade in 'black ivory'.[5]

In the Transvaal, the inboekelings numbered about 4,000 in 1866, nearly one for every ten settlers.[2] In 1869 the synod of the Dutch Reformed Church adopted a resolution condemning the practice, but rescinded it two years later on the grounds that the system no longer existed.[5] In the Transvaal, legislation required that males be released from indenture at the age of 25, while females were released at 21, but the law was not always observed in remote frontier districts.[1]

British attitudes towards the Inboekstelsel system were ambivalent, and the British administration of Transvaal between 1877 and 1881 did not affect it.[6]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 C. H. Feinstein (2005-06-23). An Economic History of South Africa: Conquest, Discrimination, and Development. Cambridge University Press. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-521-85091-9.
  2. 1 2 Breckenridge, Keith. "Power Without Knowledge: Three 19th Century Colonialisms In South Africa" (PDF). University of KwaZulu-Natal. pp. 22–29. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
  3. ↑ Gwyn Campbell (2013-01-11). Abolition and Its Aftermath in the Indian Ocean, Africa and Asia. Routledge. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-135-77078-5.
  4. ↑ Gwyn Campbell; Suzanne Miers; Joseph Calder Miller (2007). Women and Slavery: Africa, the Indian Ocean world, and the medieval north Atlantic. Ohio University Press. p. 196. ISBN 978-0-8214-1723-2.
  5. 1 2 Hermann Giliomee (2003-01). The Afrikaners: Biography of a People. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. pp. 184–185. ISBN 978-1-85065-714-9. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  6. ↑ John Laband (2005). The Transvaal Rebellion: The First Boer War, 1880-1881. Pearson/Longman. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-582-77261-8.
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