Indian eagle-owl

Indian eagle-owl
Adult from Maharashtra, India
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Strigiformes
Family: Strigidae
Genus: Bubo
Species: B. bengalensis
Binomial name
Bubo bengalensis
(Franklin, 1831)[2]
Range of Indian eagle-owl
Synonyms

Urrua bengalensis[3]

The Indian eagle-owl, also called the rock eagle-owl or Bengal eagle-owl (Bubo bengalensis), is a species of large horned owl found in the Indian Subcontinent. They were earlier treated as a subspecies of the Eurasian eagle-owl. They are found in hilly and rocky scrub forests, and are usually seen in pairs. They have a deep resonant booming call that may be heard at dawn and dusk. They are typically large owls, and have "tufts" on their heads. They are splashed with brown and grey, and have a white throat patch with black small stripes.

Description

Indian eagle-owl Bubo bengalensis

This species is often considered a subspecies of the Eurasian eagle-owl Bubo bubo and is very similar in appearance. The facial disk is unmarked and has a black border, a feature that is much weaker in the Eurasian form. The base of the primaries is unbanded and rufous. The tail bands have the tawn bands wider than the black ones. A large pale scapular patch is visible on the folded wing.[4] The inner claws are the longest. The last joint of the toes are unfeathered.[5]

The taxonomy of the group is complex due to a large amount of variation.[6] Dementiev was the first to consider the possibility of bengalensis being distinct within the Bubo bubo group. However Charles Vaurie noted that this as well as ascalaphus appeared to be distinct and not part of clinal variation. There is a lot of colour variation with the ground colour being dark brown above while some are pale and yellowish. On dark birds the streaks coalesce on the hind crown and nape but are narrow in pale birds. However, Vaurie notes that despite the variation, they are distinct from neighbouring forms B. b. tibetanus, B. b. hemachalana and B. b. nikolskii, in being smaller and richly coloured.[7][8] Stuart Baker noted that there were two plumage variants that were seen across their range, one plumage has the back and scapulars spotted in white while the other form has a reduced number of white spots on the feathers of the back and the dark streaking on the back, neck and scapulars being prominent.[9]

Chicks are born with white fluff which is gradually replaced by speckled feathers during the prejuvenile moult after about two weeks. After a month or so they go through a prebasic moult and a brownish juvenile plumage is assume with the upperparts somewhat like in adults but the underside is downy. The full adult plumage is assumed much later.[10]

Distribution

The underwing shows a dark carpal patch. The base of the primaries are unbarred.

They are seen in scrub and light to medium forests but are especially seen near rocky places within the mainland of the Indian Subcontinent south of the Himalayas and below 1,500 metres (5,000 ft) elevation. Humid evergreen forest and extremely arid areas are avoided. Bush covered rocky hillocks and ravines, and steep banks of rivers and streams are favourite haunts. It spends the day under the shelter of a bush or rocky projection, or in a large mango or similar thickly foliaged tree near villages.

Behaviour and ecology

Threat posture

The deep resonant two note calls are characteristic and males deliver these "long calls" mainly at dusk during the breeding season. The peak calling intensity is noticed in February.[11] Young birds produce clicks, hisses and open up their wings to appear larger than they are.[12][13] Nesting adults will fly in zig zag patterns and mob any potential predators (including humans) who approach the nest.[14]

Their diet through much of the year consists of rodents, but birds seem to be mainly taken towards winter. Prey species of birds include partridges, doves,[15] Indian roller,[16] the shikra and the spotted owlet. Birds the size of a peacock are sometimes attacked.[17] Rodents noted in a study in Pondicherry were Tatera indica, Golunda ellioti, Rattus sp., Mus booduga and Bandicota bengalensis. Bats were also preyed on.[18] In Pakistan, Nesokia indica is an important prey item in their diet.[19] Mammals the size of a Black-naped hare Lepus nigricollis may be taken.[20] In Pakistan, they have been found to take Lepus capensis and Eupetaurus cinereus.[21]

When feeding on rodents, they tear up the prey rather than swallow them whole.[22] Captives feed on about 61g of prey per day.[23]

The nesting season is November to April. The eggs number three to four and are creamy white, broad roundish ovals with a smooth texture. They are laid on bare soil in a natural recess in an earth bank, on the ledge of a cliff, or under the shelter of a bush on level ground.[15][16] The nest site is reused each year.[24] The eggs hatch after about 33 days and the chicks are dependent on their parents for nearly six months.[25]

In culture

This large owl with the distinctive face, large forward-facing eyes, horns and deep resonant call is associated with a number of superstitions. Like many other large owls, these are considered birds of ill omen. Their deep haunting calls if delivered from atop a house are considered to forebode the death of an occupant. A number of rituals involving the capture and killing of these birds have been recorded. Salim Ali notes a wide range of superstitions related to them but notes two as being particularly widespread. One is that if the bird is starved for a few days and beaten, it would speak like a human, predicting the future of the tormentor or bringing them wealth while the other involves the killing of the bird to find a lucky bone that moved against the current like a snake when dropped into a stream.[26] Belief in these superstitions has led to the persecution of the species in many areas by tribal hunters. The capture of these birds is illegal under Indian law but an underground market continues to drive poaching.[27]

References

  1. ↑ BirdLife International (2012). "Bubo bengalensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
  2. ↑ Franklin, James). 1831. Proceedings of the Committee of Science and Correspondence of the Zoological Society of London (PZS): Pt. 1, no. 10, p 115.
  3. ↑ Jerdon,TC (1839). "Catalogue of the birds of the peninsula of India, arranged according to the modern system of classification; with brief notes on their habits and geographical distribution, and description of new, doubtful and imperfectly described specimens". Madras Jour. Lit. Sc. 10: 60–91.
  4. ↑ Rasmussen PC & JC Anderton (2005). Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. 2. Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions. pp. 239–240.
  5. ↑ Blanford WT (1895). The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Birds. Volume 3. Taylor & Francis, London. pp. 285–286.
  6. ↑ Sharpe, R Bowdler (1875). Catalogue of the birds in the British Museum volume 2. British Museum. pp. 25–27.
  7. ↑ Whistler, Hugh & NB Kinnear (1935). "The Vernay scientific survey of the eastern ghats (ornithological section), pt. 12.". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 38: 232–240.
  8. ↑ Vaurie, Charles (1960). "Systematic notes on Palearctic birds. No. 41, Strigidae, the genus Bubo.". American Museum Novitates 2000. hdl:2246/5372.
  9. ↑ Baker, ECS (1927). The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Birds. Volume 4 (2 ed.). London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 414–415.
  10. ↑ Ramanujam, M.E. & T. Murugavel (2009). "A preliminary report on the development of young Indian Eagle Owl Bubo bengalensis (Franklin, 1831) in and around Pondicherry, southern India" (PDF). Journal of Threatened Taxa 1 (10): 519–524. doi:10.11609/jott.o1762.519-24.
  11. ↑ Ramanujam, Mario Eric (2003). "On the "long call" of the Indian Great Horned or Eagle-Owl Bubo bengalensis (Franklin)." (PDF). Zoos' Print Journal 18 (7): 1131–1134. doi:10.11609/jott.zpj.18.7.1131-4.
  12. ↑ Ramanujam, Mario Eric (2003). "Interspecific intimidatory behaviour in nestling Indian Eagle Owls Bubo bengalensis (Franklin)." (PDF). Zoos' Print Journal 18 (10): 1213–1216. doi:10.11609/jott.zpj.18.10.1213-6.
  13. ↑ Ramanujam, Mario Eric (2007). "A catalogue of auditory and visual communicatory traits in the Indian Eagle Owl Bubo bengalensis (Franklin, 1831)." (PDF). Zoos' Print Journal 22 (8): 2771–2776. doi:10.11609/jott.zpj.1572.2771-6.
  14. ↑ Ramanujam, Mario Eric (2004). "Inter-specific intimidatory behaviour of adult Indian Eagle Owls Bubo bengalensis (Franklin) in defence of their nestlings." (PDF). Zoos' Print Journal 19 (2): 1343–1345. doi:10.11609/jott.zpj.19.2.1343-5.
  15. 1 2 Dharmakumarsinhji, KS (1939). "The Indian Great Horned Owl [Bubo bubo bengalensis (Frankl.)].". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 41 (1): 174–177.
  16. 1 2 Eates,KR (1937). "The distribution and nidification of the Rock Horned Owl Bubo bubo bengalensis (Frankl.) in Sind.". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 39 (3): 631–633.
  17. ↑ Tehsin,Raza; Tehsin,Fatema (1990). "Indian Great Horned Owl Bubo bubo (Linn.) and Peafowl Pavo cristatus Linn.". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 87 (2): 300.
  18. ↑ Ramanujam,Mario Eric (2001). "A preliminary report of the prey of the Eurasian Eagle-Owl (Bubo bubo) in and around Pondicherry.". Zoos' Print Journal 16 (5): 487–488. doi:10.11609/jott.zpj.16.5.487-8.
  19. ↑ Fulk, G.W. & A. R. Khokhar (1976). "Short-tailed Mole Rat (N. indica) prey of great-horned owl (B. bubo).". Pak. J. Zool. 8: 97.
  20. ↑ Kumar,S (1995). "Possible predation of Blacknaped Hare by Great Horned Owl Bubo bubo in the Great Indian Bustard Sanctuary, Nanaj (Solapur), Maharashtra.". Newsletter for Birdwatchers 35 (1): 16–17.
  21. ↑ Zahler,Peter; Dietemann,Chantal (1999). "A note on the food habits of Eurasian Eagle Owl Bubo bubo in northern Pakistan." (PDF). Forktail 15: 98–99.
  22. ↑ Ramanujam, Mario Eric (2004). "Methods of analysing rodent prey of the Indian Eagle Owl Bubo bengalensis (Franklin) in and around Pondicherry, India." (PDF). Zoos' Print Journal 19 (6): 1492–1494. doi:10.11609/jott.zpj.1117a.1492-4.
  23. ↑ Ramanujam, M.E. (2000). "Food consumption and pellet regurgitation rates in a captive Indian Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo bengalensis)." (PDF). Zoos' Print Journal 15 (7): 289–91. doi:10.11609/jott.zpj.15.7.289-91.
  24. ↑ Osmaston,BB (1926). "The Rock Horned Owl in Kashmir.". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 31 (2): 523–524.
  25. ↑ Pande, S; Amit Pawashe, Murlidhar Mahajan, Anil Mahabal, Charu Joglekar and Reuven Yosef (2011). "Breeding Biology, Nesting Habitat, and Diet of the Rock Eagle-Owl (Bubo bengalensis)". Journal of Raptor Research 45 (3): 211–219. doi:10.3356/JRR-10-53.1.
  26. ↑ Ali, S & S D Ripley (1981). Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan 3 (2 ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 273–275.
  27. ↑ Ravindran, Shruti (2009). "Sad, Wise Eyes". Outlook India.

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