Induan

System/ Period	Series/ Epoch	Stage/ Age	Age (Ma)
Jurassic	Lower/ Early	Hettangian	younger
Triassic	Upper/ Late	Rhaetian	201.3–208.5
		Norian	208.5–~228
		Carnian	~228–~235
	Mid/ Middle	Ladinian	~235–~242
		Anisian	~242–247.2
	Lower/ Early	Olenekian	247.2–251.2
		Induan	251.2–252.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	older
Subdivision of the Triassic system according to the IUGS, as of July 2012.

The Induan is, in the geologic timescale, the first age of the Early Triassic epoch or the lowest stage of the Lower Triassic series. It spans the time between 252.17 ± 0.06 Ma and 251.2 Ma (million years ago).^[1] It is preceded by the Changhsingian and is followed by the Olenekian.

The Induan is roughly coeval with the regional Feixianguanian stage of China.

Stratigraphic definitions

The Induan stage was introduced into scientific literature by Russian stratigraphers in 1956,^[2] who divided the Skythian stage that was used by Western stratigraphers into the Induan and Olenekian stages. The Russian subdivision of the Lower Triassic then slowly replaced the one used in the West.

The base of the Induan stage (which is also the base of the Lower Triassic series, the base of the Triassic system and the base of the Mesozoic erathem) is defined as the place in the fossil record where the conodont species Hindeodus parvus first appears, or at the end of the negative δ¹⁸O anomaly after the big extinction event at the Permian-Triassic boundary. The global reference profile of the base of the Induan is situated in Changxing County, China.^[3]

The top of the Induan stage (the base of the Olenekian) is at the first appearance of ammonite species Meekoceras gracilitatis.

Though the Induan is an unusually short age at this point in the geologic timescale, it still contains five ammonite biozones in the boreal domain and four ammonite biozones in the Tethyan domain.

Palaeontology

The Induan age followed the mass extinction event at the end of the Permian period. Both global biodiversity and community-level (alpha) diversity remained low through much of this stage of the Triassic.^[4] Much of the world remained almost lifeless, deserted, hot, and dry. The lystrosaurids (below) and the proterosuchids (below) were the only groups of land animals to dominate during the Induan stage. Other animals, such as the ammonites, fishes, insects, and the tetrapods (cynodonts, amphibians, reptiles, etc.) remained rare and terrestrial ecosystems did not recover for some 30 million years.^[4] Both the seas and much of the freshwater during the Induan were anoxic.

• lystrosaurids
• proterosuchids

Archosauromorphs

Archosauromorphs of the Induan
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Proterosuchus		South Africa	The largest land reptile during the Early Triassic period, equivalent in size to today's Komodo Dragons. It looked somewhat similar to a primitive crocodile, and shared many of their modern features like long jaws, powerful neck muscles, short legs and a lengthy tail, while retaining several of its own unique features such as its long legs, and hooked shaped mouth.	Proterosuchus Prolacerta
Prolacerta		South Africa, Fremouw Formation, Antarctica

†Conodonts

†Conodonts of the Induan
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Hindeodus parvus		China

Procolophonomorphs

Procolophonomorpha of the Induan
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Procolophon	Late Permian to Late Triassic	South Africa	A genus of lizard-shaped reptiles	Procolophon

Temnospondyls

Temnospondyli of the Induan
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Wetlugasaurus		Northern Russia		Wetlugasaurus

Therapsids

Therapsids of the Induan
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Galesaurus				Galesaurus Lystrosaurus Regisaurus Scaloposaurus Thrinaxodon
Lystrosaurus	Late Permian to Early Triassic	Antarctica, Russia, India and South Africa	The most common group of terrestrial vertebrates during the Early Triassic: for a while 95% of land vertebrates were Lystrosaurus
Regisaurus	Late Permian to Early Triassic	South Africa
Scaloposaurus			A therocephalian
Thrinaxodon	Early Triassic	South Africa, Antarctica	A cat-sized cynodont. Many scientists suggest that the pits on the skull indicate that Thrinaxodon had whiskers and, therefore, probably had a covering of fur. There are suggestions that it was warm-blooded. Even so, it still laid eggs.

References

1. According to Gradstein et al. (2004). Brack et al. (2005) give 252.6 to 251.0 Ma
2. Kiparisova & Popov (1956)
3. Yin Hongfu, Zhang Kexin, Tong Jinnan, Yang Zunyi und Wu Shunbao: The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP)of the Permian-Triassic Boundary. Episodes, 24(2): 102-114, Beijing 2001 ISSN 0705-3797.
4. Sahney, S. and Benton, M.J. (2008). "Recovery from the most profound mass extinction of all time" (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society: Biological 275 (1636): 759–65. doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1370. PMC 2596898. PMID 18198148.

Sources

• Brack, P.; Rieber, H.; Nicora, A. & Mundil, R.; 2005: The Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Ladinian Stage (Middle Triassic) at Bagolino (Southern Alps, Northern Italy) and its implications for the Triassic time scale, Episodes 28(4), pp. 233–244.
• Gradstein, F. M.; Ogg, J. G. & Smith, A. G.; 2004: A Geologic Time Scale 2004, Cambridge University Press.
• Kiparisova, Lubov Dmitrievna & Popov, Yurij Nikolaivitch; 1956: Расчленение нижнего отдела триасовой системы на ярусы (Subdivision of the lower series of the Triassic System into stages), Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 109(4), pp 842–845 (Russian).

External links

• GeoWhen Database - Induan
• Lower Triassic timescale at the website of the subcommission for stratigraphic information of the ICS
• Lower Triassic timescale at the website of Norges Network of offshore records of geology and stratigraphy.

Triassic Period
Lower/Early Triassic	Middle Triassic	Upper/Late Triassic
Induan |Olenekian	Anisian | Ladinian	Carnian | Norian Rhaetian

Coordinates: 31°04′47″N 119°42′21″E / 31.0797°N 119.7058°E