Ingimundr (eleventh century)

Ingimundr
Ingimundr's name as it appears on folio 34r of British Library MS Cotton Julius A VII (the Chronicle of Mann): "Ingemundus".[1]
Died	1097 Lewis

Ingimundr,^[2] also known as Ingimund,^[3] and Ingemund,^[4] was an eleventh-century Norwegian delegate sent by Magnús Óláfsson, King of Norway to take control of the Kingdom of the Isles. The kingdom had descended into utter chaos after the death of Gofraid Crobán, King of the Isles in 1095, with kin-strife amongst the latter's descendants, followed by Irish intervention into the region. Magnús' apparent response was to send Ingimundr to take charge. According to the mediaeval Chronicle of Mann, soon after Ingimundr's arrival in the Isles, he and his followers was slain in Lewis by the leading Islesmen, whilst he was in the midst of securing the kingship. The following year, Magnús took matters into his own hands, and personally oversaw the conquest of the Isles himself.

Background: anarchy in the Isles

In the 1070s, Gofraid Crobán secured the kingship of the Isles through his conquest of Mann, and forcefully added Dublin to his realm in about 1091. Gofraid's downfall came in 1094, when he was driven out of Ireland by the Uí Briain, and died the following year in the Hebrides.^[5] There is uncertainty concerning the political situation in the Isles in the last decade of the eleventh century.^[6] What is known for sure is that, before the end of the century, Magnús Óláfsson, King of Norway (died 1103) led a marauding fleet from Scandinavia into the Isles, seized control of the kingdom, and held onto power in the Irish Sea region until his death in 1103.^[7] According to the Chronicle of Mann, when Gofraid died in 1095, Lagmann succeeded him as his eldest son, and went on to reign for seven years.^[8] The numerical calculations and chronology of this source are suspect,^[9] and it is uncertain if Lagmann's reign began before Magnús' arrival, during Magnús' overlordship, or even after Magnús' death.^[10] Despite the uncertainly surrounding the inception of his reign, the chronicle reveals that Lagmann faced continued opposition from within his own family, in the form of an ongoing rebellion by his brother, Aralt.^[11]

Although the Chronicle of Man maintains that Lagmann voluntarily vacated his throne, there is reason to suspect that he was forced from power.^[12] In about 1096, the chronicle claims that the leading Islesmen sought assistance of Muirchertach Ua Briain, King of Munster (died 1119), and petitioned him to provide a regent from his own kin to govern the kingdom until Lagmann's younger brother, Amlaíb (died 1153), was old enough to assume control.^[13] The chronicle's account could be evidence that, by about 1096, Lagmann faced a faction formed around Amlaíb; and that, when this faction was unable to topple Lagmann by itself, it approached Ua Briain for assistance in placing Amlaíb upon the throne.^[14] Whatever the case, the chronicle reveals that Ua Briain then installed Domnall mac Taidc (died 1115) upon the throne.^[15] The slaying of Domnall's brother, Amlaíb, as recorded by the Annals of the Four Masters in 1096,^[16] suggests that Domnall and his immediate family faced significant opposition in the Isles, possibly in the form of Lagmann's adherents.^[17] The chronicle credits Domnall with an oppressive three-year reign that ended when the leading Islesmen revolted against him, and drove him from the kingdom back to Ireland.^[18]

Ingimundr's arrival in the Isles

The extent of Domnall's rule in the kingdom is unknown, and it is questionable whether he had any real authority in the northern Hebrides, the islands furthest from Mann.^[19] In about 1097, Magnús sent Ingimundr into the Isles to take possession of the kingdom. After installing himself in Lewis, the chronicle reveals that Ingimundr was overthrown and killed whilst in the midst of securing the kingship.^[20]

And when he had arrived in the island of Lewis, he sent messengers to all the chieftains of the islands; ordering them to assemble together, and appoint him their king. But meanwhile he with his associates abandoned himself to robbery and banquetting; violated the chastity of women and girls; and devoted his attention to the other pleasures and allurements of the flesh. And when this had been reported to the chieftains of the islands, when they had already assembled together to appoint him king, they were fired with excessive rage, and hastened towards him; and corning upon him by night, they burned down the house in which he was; and annihilated him and all his men, some with the sword, and some in the flames.

— an excerpt from the Chronicle of Mann concerning Ingimundr's arrival and ruination in the Isles.^{[21][note 1]}

Tynwald Hill, on Mann, may have been a national assembly site of the Kingdom of the Isles.^[22] It may well have been the place where the Islesmen publicly inaugurated their kings,^[23] proclaimed new laws, and resolved disputes.^[24] Whatever the case, much of the visible site dates only to the eighteenth-, nineteenth-, and twentieth century.^{[22][note 2]}

Ingimundr's rationale for seating himself upon an island (Lewis and Harris) on the edge of the kingdom may have been due to the fact that he was unable to gain any authority on Mann itself.^{[10][note 3]} In fact, the chronicle reveals that civil war erupted there the following year,^[31] and the chronicler Orderic Vitalis (died c. 1142) indicates that Mann was devastated to point of being a virtual desert by the time Magnús appeared on the scene.^[32] The warring itself may have been related to the aforesaid factional struggles between Gofraid's sons.^[33] The fact that the chronicle makes no mention of Domnall during this particular conflict may be evidence that he had lost control of Mann by then.^[19] Within the year, the same source records the arrival of Magnús himself, which could suggest that it was Ingimundr's slaying, at the hands of the Islesmen, that had incited Magnús to take matters into his own hands.^[34]

There is little known of the inauguration of kings in the Isles. What is apparent, however, is the fact that the so-called chieftains of the Isles, or principes Insularum, played a significant role in king-making.^[35] Although Gofraid had originally gained the kingship through conquest, the chronicle reveals that his later descendants relied upon legitimisation from the chieftains. For example, the chronicle reveals that it was the "noblemen of the Isles" who had approached Muirchertach to intervene in the Isles following the aforesaid strife between Gofraid's sons, and it was "all the chieftains of the Isles" who drove Muirchertach's aforesaid delegate, Domnall, from the Isles not long afterwards.^[36] Furthermore, following Magnús' eventual death in 1103, the chronicle records that it was the "chieftains of the Isles" who sent for Gofraid's youngest son, the aforesaid Amlaíb, to occupy the throne.^[37]

Notes

1. The chronicle is the only source that specifically makes note of Ingimundr.^[10]
2. Evidence of local assembly sites within the kingdom may exist in the Hebridean placenames Tiongal (known in Gaelic as Cnoc an Tiongalairidh) in Lewis (grid reference NB1937),^[25] and Tinwhil (perhaps grid reference NG415583) within the Hinnisdale area on Skye.^[26] Like the Manx site, these four Hebridean placenames are derived in part from the Old Norse þing ("assembly").^[27] These sites, and others now lost, may have been established before the dominance of Manx-based kings and their national assembly site.^[28]
3. Magnúss saga berfœtts, within the thirteenth century Heimskringla, states that Mann was the best of all the Suðreyjar ("Southern Islands").^[29] This Old Norse Suðreyjar refers to the Hebrides and Mann.^[30]

Citations

1. Munch; Goss (1874) p. 56.
2. McDonald (2007); Oram (2000).
3. Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005).
4. McDonald (1997); Power (1986).
5. Duffy (2004); Woolf (2004) pp. 100–101; Oram (2000) pp. 19–20.
6. Davey (2016); Power (1986) p. 115.
7. Duffy (2002) pp. 57–59; Power (1994) p. 216.
8. Oram (2011) p. 48; Oram (2000) pp. 20–21; Power (1986) p. 116; Anderson (1922) p. 98; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 54–55.
9. Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 235; Oram (2000) pp. 20–21, 58, 83 n. 34.
10. Power (1986) p. 116.
11. Oram (2011) pp. 48–49; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 235; Hudson (2005) p. 198; Power (2005) pp. 11–12; Oram (2000) pp. 21, 58; Power (1986) p. 115; Anderson (1922) p. 98; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 54–55.
12. Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 235; Oram (2000) p. 21; Anderson (1922) p. 98; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 54–55.
13. Oram (2011) p. 48; Duffy (2009) p. 296; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 235–236; Power (2005) pp. 11–12; Bracken (2004); Duffy (2002) p. 57; Oram (2000) p. 21; Ó Cuív (1994) p. 116; Duffy (1992) pp. 108–110; Power (1986) p. 115; Anderson (1922) p. 100; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 54–55.
14. Oram (2011) p. 48; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 235–236; Oram (2000) p. 21.
15. Oram (2011) p. 48; Duffy (2009) p. 296; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 236; Power (2005) pp. 11–12; Bracken (2004); Duffy (2002) p. 57, 57 n. 11; Oram (2000) p. 21; Duffy (1992) pp. 108–110; Anderson (1922) pp. 100–101; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 54–55.
16. Annals of the Four Masters (2013a) § 1096.8; Annals of the Four Masters (2013b) § 1096.8; Ó Corráin (2010) p. 225; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 236; Power (2005) pp. 11–12; Duffy (1992) p. 109; Anderson (1922) p. 99.
17. Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 236.
18. Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 236; Power (2005) pp. 11–12; Power (1986) p. 115; Anderson (1922) p. 101; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 54–55.
19. Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 236; Oram (2000) p. 21.
20. McDonald (2007) pp. 168, 175; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 236; Oram (2000) p. 21; Power (1986) pp. 115–116; Broderick (1973) pp. 6, 9; Anderson (1922) p. 101; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 56–57.
21. Broderick (1973) pp. 6, 9; Anderson (1922) p. 101; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 56–57.
22. Broderick (2003).
23. Crawford (2014) pp. 74–75.
24. Insley; Wilson (2006).
25. O'Grady (2008) p. 203, 599 tab 4.8; Insley; Wilson (2006); Broderick (2003).
26. O'Grady (2008) pp. 201–203, 597 tab. 4.8; Broderick (2003).
27. O'Grady (2008) pp. 56–61, 201–203, 597 tab. 4.8, 599 tab 4.8; Broderick (2003).
28. O'Grady (2008) p. 194.
29. Power (2005) p. 13; Anderson (1922) p. 113; Laing (1844) p. 133.
30. McDonald (2012) p. 152.
31. Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 236; Oram (2000) p. 21; Power (1986) pp. 118–119; Anderson (1922) pp. 101–102; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 56–57.
32. Power (2005) p. 13; Power (1986) p. 119; Forester (1854) p. 217; Le Prevost (1852) p. 29.
33. Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 236; Oram (2000) p. 21; Power (1986) pp. 118–119.
34. McDonald (1997) p. 35; Power (1986) p. 116; Anderson (1922) p. 102; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 56–59.
35. McDonald (2007) pp. 167–169, 168 n. 43.
36. McDonald (2007) p. 168; Anderson (1922) pp. 100–101; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 54–55.
37. Crawford (2014) p. 74; McDonald (2007) p. 168; Anderson (1922) p. 134; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 60–61.

References

Primary sources

• Anderson, AO, ed. (1922). Early Sources of Scottish History, A.D. 500 to 1286. Vol. 2. London: Oliver and Boyd – via Internet Archive.
• "Annals of the Four Masters". Corpus of Electronic Texts (3 December 2013 ed.). University College Cork. 2013a. Retrieved 27 August 2014.
• "Annals of the Four Masters". Corpus of Electronic Texts (16 December 2013 ed.). University College Cork. 2013b. Retrieved 27 August 2014.
• Broderick, G; Stowell, B, eds. (1973). Chronicle of the Kings of Mann and the Isles: Recortys Reeaghyn Vannin as ny hEllanyn. Vol. 1. Edinburgh: s.p. – via Google Books.
• Forester, T, ed. (1854). The Ecclesiastical History of England and Normandy, by Ordericus Vitalus. Bohn's Antiquarian Library. Vol. 3. London: Henry G. Bohn – via Internet Archive.
• Laing, S, ed. (1844). The Heimskringla; or, Chronicle of the Kings of Norway. Vol. 3. London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans – via Internet Archive.
• Le Prevost, A, ed. (1852). Orderici Vitalis Historiæ Ecclesiasticæ Libri Tredecim. Vol. 4. Paris: Société de l'histoire de France – via Internet Archive.
• Munch, PA; Goss, A, eds. (1874). Chronica Regvm Manniæ et Insvlarvm: The Chronicle of Man and the Sudreys. Vol. 1. Douglas, IM: Manx Society – via Internet Archive.

Secondary sources

• Bracken, D (2004). "Ua Briain, Muirchertach [Murtagh O'Brien] (c.1050–1119)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/20464. Retrieved 5 July 2011. (subscription required (help)).
• Broderick, G (2003). "Tynwald: A Manx Cult-Site and Institution of Pre-Scandinavian Origin?". Studeyrys Manninagh. ISSN 1478-1409.
• Crawford, BE (2014). "The Kingdom of Man and the Earldom of Orkney—Some Comparisons". In Sigurðsson, JV; Bolton, T. Celtic-Norse Relationships in the Irish Sea in the Middle Ages, 800–1200. The Northern World: North Europe and the Baltic c. 400–1700 AD. Peoples, Economics and Cultures (series vol. 65). Leiden: Brill. pp. 65–80. ISBN 978-90-04-25512-8. ISSN 1569-1462.
• Davey, PJ (2006). "Kingdom of Man and the Isles". In Koch, JT. Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 1057–1058. ISBN 1-85109-445-8.
• Duffy, S (1992). "Irishmen and Islesmen in the Kingdoms of Dublin and Man, 1052–1171". Ériu (Royal Irish Academy) 43: 93–133. JSTOR 30007421 – via JSTOR. (subscription required (help)).
• Duffy, S (2002). "Emerging from the Mist: Ireland and Man in the Eleventh Century" (PDF). In Davey, P; Finlayson, D; Thomlinson, P. Mannin Revisited: Twelve Essays on Manx Culture and Environment. Edinburgh: The Scottish Society for Northern Studies. pp. 53–61. ISBN 0 9535226 2 8.
• Duffy, S (2004). "Godred Crovan (d. 1095)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/50613. Retrieved 5 July 2011. (subscription required (help)).
• Duffy, S (2009). "Ireland, c.1000–c.1100". In Stafford, P. A Companion to the Early Middle Ages: Britain and Ireland, c.500–c.1100. Blackwell Companions to British History. Chichester: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 285–302. ISBN 978-1-405-10628-3.
• Forte, A; Oram, RD; Pedersen, F (2005). Viking Empires. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82992-2.
• Hudson, BT (2005). Viking Pirates and Christian Princes: Dynasty, Religion, and Empire in the North Atlantic. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-516237-0 – via Google Books.
• Insley, J; Wilson, D (2006). "Tynwald". Germanische Altertumskunde Online. De Gruyter. Retrieved 7 March 2015. (subscription required (help)).
• McDonald, RA (1997). The Kingdom of the Isles: Scotland's Western Seaboard, c. 1100–c. 1336. Scottish Historical Monographs (series vol. 4). East Linton: Tuckwell Press. ISBN 978-1-898410-85-0.
• McDonald, RA (2007). Manx Kingship in its Irish Sea Setting, 1187–1229: King Rǫgnvaldr and the Crovan Dynasty. Dublin: Four Courts Press. ISBN 978-1-84682-047-2.
• McDonald, RA (2012). "The Manx Sea Kings and the Western Oceans: The Late Norse Isle of Man in its North Atlantic Context, 1079–1265". In Hudson, B. Studies in the Medieval Atlantic. The New Middle Ages. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 143–184. doi:10.1057/9781137062390.0012. ISBN 9781137062390 – via Palgrave Connect.
• O'Grady, J (2008). The Setting and Practice of Open-air Judicial Assemblies in Medieval Scotland: A Multidisciplinary Study (Doctoral thesis). University of Glasgow – via Glasgow Theses Service.
• Oram, RD (2000). The Lordship of Galloway. Edinburgh: John Donald. ISBN 0 85976 541 5 – via Google Books.
• Oram, RD (2011). Domination and Lordship: Scotland 1070–1230. The New Edinburgh History of Scotland (series vol. 3). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978 0 7486 1496 7 – via Google Books and Questia. (subscription required (help)).
• Ó Corráin, D (2010) [1982]. "Foreign Connections and Domestic Politics: Killaloe and the Uí Briain in Twelfth-Century Hagiography". In Whitelock, D; McKitterick, R; Dumville, D. Ireland in Early Mediaeval Europe: Studies in Memory of Kathleen Hughes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-23547-1 – via Google Books.
• Ó Cuív, B (1994) [1967]. "Ireland in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries". In Moody, TW; Martin, FX. The Course of Irish History (1994 revised and enhanced ed.). Cork: Mercier Press. pp. 107–122. ISBN 1-85635-108-4.
• Power, R (1986). "Magnus Barelegs' Expeditions to the West". The Scottish Historical Review (Edinburgh University Press) 65 (2): 107–132. JSTOR 25530199 – via JSTOR. (subscription required (help)).
• Power, R (1994). "The Death of Magnus Barelegs". The Scottish Historical Review (Edinburgh University Press) 73 (2): 216–222. doi:10.3366/shr.1994.73.2.216. JSTOR 25530638 – via JSTOR. (subscription required (help)).
• Power, R (2005). "Meeting in Norway: Norse-Gaelic Relations in the Kingdom of Man and the Isles, 1090–1270" (PDF). Saga-Book (Viking Society for Northern Research) 29: 5–66. ISSN 0305-9219.
• Woolf, A (2004). "The Age of Sea-Kings, 900–1300". In Omand, D. The Argyll Book. Edinburgh: Birlinn. pp. 94–109. ISBN 1-84158-253-0.