Inkscape

Inkscape

Inkscape 0.48.2, showing a red Lamborghini Gallardo
Preview release	0.91 (January 30, 2015) [±][1]
Development status	Active
Written in	C++ with gtkmm, Python (extensions)
Operating system	Windows, OS X, Linux
Platform	IA-32 and x64
Size	93.3 MB
Available in	66 languages"List of language files at time of release of version 0.91 - launchpad.net repository". Inkscape. 2015-01-28. Retrieved 2015-08-16.
Type	Vector graphics editor
License	GNU General Public License
Website	inkscape.org

Inkscape is a free and open-source vector graphics editor; it can be used to create or edit vector graphics such as illustrations, diagrams, line arts, charts, logos and complex paintings. Inkscape's primary vector graphics format is Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) version 1.1.^[2] While Inkscape can import and export several formats, all editing workflow inevitably occur within the guidelines of the SVG format.^[3]

Inkscape can render primitive vector shapes (e.g. rectangles, ellipses, polygons, arcs, spirals, stars and isometric boxes), text and regions containing raster graphics. It also supports image tracing, enabling the editor to create vector graphics from photos and other raster sources. Created shapes can be subjected to further transformations, such as moving, rotating, scaling and skewing. These objects may be filled with solid colors, patterns, radiant or linear color gradient, their borders stroked or their transparency changed. As of early 2016 (version 0.91), Inkscape does not support SVG animation or full Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) specifications.

History

Inkscape began in 2003 as a code fork of the Sodipodi project.^[4] Sodipodi, developed since 1999, was itself based on Raph Levien's Gill (Gnome Illustration Application).^[5]

The Inkscape FAQ interprets the word Inkscape as a compound of ink and scape.^[6][7]

Four former Sodipodi developers (Ted Gould, Bryce Harrington, Nathan Hurst, and MenTaLguY) led the fork; they identified differences over project objectives, openness to third-party contributions, and technical disagreements as their reasons for forking. With Inkscape, they said they would focus development on implementing the complete SVG standard, whereas Sodipodi development emphasized developing a general-purpose vector graphics editor, possibly at the expense of SVG.^[8]

Following the fork, Inkscape's developers changed it greatly: they rewrote it from C into C++; adopted the GTK+ toolkit C++ bindings (gtkmm); redesigned its user interface, and added a number of new features.^[9] Notably, Inkscape's implementation of the SVG standard, although incomplete, has shown gradual improvement.^[10]

Since 2005 Inkscape has participated in the Google Summer of Code program.^[11]

Up until the end of November 2007, Inkscape's bug tracking system was hosted on Sourceforge. Thereafter it moved to Launchpad.^[12]

Features

Object creation

Inkscape 0.48.2, showing a rectangle (selected with the select tool), an ellipse, a star and two text objects

The basic objects in Inkscape are:

• Paths: created using the Pencil tool, which allows freehand drawing of lines; the Pen tool, which allows the user to create a Bézier node-by-node curves and lines in the same path; the Calligraphy tool, which can be used to draw freehand calligraphic or brush-like strokes. The Calligraphy tool optionally can use pressure and tilt readings from graphics tablet. The Paint Bucket tool, which fills bounded areas of a given object (vector). The Paint Bucket tool works optically rather than geometrically and can assist with image tracing. The Spray Tool creates copies or clones of one or several items, select the item(s), then to Spray click on the canvas, move the mouse or scroll the mouse wheel.
• Squares/Rectangles: created using the Square and Rectangle tool. Corners of squares and rectangles can be rounded.
• 3D boxes: created using the 3D Box tool. The boxes have adjustable XYZ perspectives and configurable values for vanishing points. 3D boxes are in fact groups of paths and after ungrouping can be further modified.
• Circles/Ellipses/Arcs: created using the Circle/Ellipse/Arc tool. Circles and ellipses can be transformed into arcs (e.g. open half-circle) and segments (e.g. closed half-circle).
• Stars/Polygons: created using the Star and Polygon tool. Multi-pointed (3 to 1,024 points) stars with two controls (base and tip) handles can be used to emulate spirographs. Polygons with one control (base) handle can be used to create items based on the number of sides hexagons, pentagons, etc.
• Spirals: created using the Spiral tool, have a configurable number of turns (revolutions), divergence (density/sparseness of outer turns), inner radius (roll out from center)
• Clones: Clones are child objects of an original parent object(s) which can have different transformations applied from those of the parent object. Clones can be created via Copies, the Spray tool or a Menu interface. Transformations include; size, position, rotation, blur, opacity, color and symmetry (layout). Clones are updated live whenever the parent object changes.
• Text: created with the Text tool. Texts can use any of the Operating Systems (OS) outline and Unicode fonts including right-to-left scripts. Text conversion to paths, Bold, Oblique (Italic), Alignments (left, right, center, full), Superscript, Subscript, Vertical and Horizontal text are implemented. All text objects can be transformed via Line Spacing, Letter Spacing, Word Spacing, Horizontal Kerning, Vertical Shift and Character Rotation either manually or via menu settings. Text can be put along a path (both text and path remain editable), flowed into a shape or spell checked. Bulleted lists, numbered lists, indentations, and underlined text are not available as of version 0.91.
• Raster graphics: Inkscape supports the export of bitmap images (as PNG images) of the whole drawing (all objects), the current selection, objects within the page outline and custom coordinates. Imports bitmap images, >File >Import allows the user to select either 'embed' or 'link' the image into the file. Pasting (v0.48) images into Inkscape automatically embeds images into the file. Inkscape supports importing and pasting of PNG, JPEG and BMP. Inkscape supports image tracing, the process of extracting vector graphics from raster sources.

Additionally, there are more specialized objects:

• Spiro splines (swirls), This type of path creates smooth curves, similar to many gothic, floral, desktop and tattoo designs.
• Connector-based paths, often used in flow charts, diagrams or schematics.
• There is a render feature that will render objects onto the canvas via the >Extensions >Render menu options. Rendering examples include barcodes, calendars, grids, gears, spirographs, spheres and more.

Object manipulation

Screenshot of Inkscape 0.45 on Ubuntu, showing outline view

Every object in the drawing can be subjected to arbitrary affine transformations: moving, rotating, scaling, skewing and a configurable matrix. Transformation parameters can be also specified numerically in the Transform dialog. Transformations can snap to angles, grids, guidelines and nodes of other objects. Grids, guides and snapping properties are defined on a per-document basis. As an alternative to snapping, an Align and Distribute dialog is provided, which can perform common alignment tasks on selected objects: e.g. line them up in a specified direction, space them equally, scatter them at random and remove overlaps between objects.

Objects can be arbitrarily grouped together. Groups of objects behave in many respects like "atomic" objects: for instance, they can be cloned or assigned a paint. Objects making up a group can be edited without having to ungroup it first, via an Enter Group command: the group can then be edited like a temporary layer. Z-order of objects can be managed either using layers, or by manually moving the object up and down in the Z stack. Layers can be locked or hidden, preventing modifying and accidental selection.

A special tool, Create Tiled Clones, is provided to create symmetrical or grid-like drawings using various plane symmetries.

Objects can be cut, copied and pasted using a clipboard. However, as of version 0.46, Inkscape uses an internal variable rather than the Operating System clipboard, which limits copy and paste operations to one application instance. Objects can be copied between documents by opening them from the File menu in an already opened window, rather than by opening a second file from the operating system's shell.

Styling objects

Each object in Inkscape has several attributes which determine its style. All of the attributes can generally be set for any object:

• Fill: can be a solid color, a linear or radial gradient, a pattern, custom swatch, inherited from a parent object. The color selector has RGBA, HSL, CMYK, Wheel and CMS color options available, but all selected colors are currently converted to RGBA. Gradients can have multiple stops, radial supports optional direct or reflected gradients. All colors can have an alpha value specified. Patterns can be constructed from any collection of objects, or one of the several supplied stock patterns can be used.
• Stroke fill: can have the same values as fill, but is applied to the object's stroke.
• Stroke style: can vary in width, join styles of miter (configurable limit), rounded or bevel, cap styles of offset, round or full. Dashed strokes with configurable offsets are supported. Start, mid and end markers, of various types (arrows, dots, diamonds, etc...) are supported.
• Opacity: specifies alpha value for all fill colors. Each object has a distinct opacity value, which e.g. can be used to make groups transparent.
• Filters: there is an easy-to-use slider for Gaussian blur for each object. Categorized filter stacks using the SVG filters can be constructed using the Filters dialog.

Appearance of objects can be further changed by using masks and clipping paths, which can be created from arbitrary objects, including groups.

The style attributes are 'attached' to the source object, so after cutting/copying an object onto the clipboard, the style's attributes can be pasted to another object.

Operations on paths

Inkscape has a comprehensive tool set to edit paths, as they are the basic element of a vector file. The Node tool allows editing single or multiple paths on single or multiple node levels by editing the position of nodes and control points of Bezier paths or Spiro curves. Path segments can be adjusted by dragging them. When multiple nodes are selected, they can be moved, scaled and rotated using keyboard shortcut or mouse controls.^[13] Additional nodes can be inserted into paths at arbitrary or even placements, and an effect can be used to insert nodes at predefined intervals. When nodes are deleted, the handles on remaining ones are adjusted to preserve the original shape as closely as possible.

Tweak tool is provided for more high-level, whole object(s) or node editing regions (parts) of an object. It can push, repel/attract, randomize positioning, shrink/enlarge, rotate, copy/delete selected whole objects. With parts of a path you can push, shrink/enlarge, repel/attract, roughen edges, blur and color. Nodes are dynamically created and deleted when needed while using this tool, so it can also be used on simple paths without pre-processing.

Other possible high-level operations on paths include offsetting or insetting a path by a fixed amount. Creating an unlinked dynamic offset of a path which can be fine tuned using the Node tool. Creating a linked offset of a path will update whenever the original is modified. Object converting another shape like a spiral or text into a path, converting the stroke of a shape to a path. Simplifying a path to contain less nodes while preserving the shape, or performing Boolean operations like union, difference, intersection or exclusion on them.

Inkscape includes a feature called Live Path Effects(LPE), which can apply various modifiers to a path. Envelope Deformation is available via the Path Effects and provides a perspective effect. There are more than a dozen of these live path effects. LPE can be stacked onto a single object and have interactive live on canvas and menu-based editing of the effects.

Text support

Inkscape supports text editing for both regular multi-line text (SVG's <text> element) and flowed text (the non-standard <flowRoot> element, formerly proposed for SVG 1.2). As of version 0.47, flowed text is not rendered by other applications, due to a lack of an appropriate parallel <switch> structure in the SVG document. The SVG 1.2 Tiny <textArea> element is not supported. All text is directly editable on canvas. Text rendering is based on the Pango library, which allows Inkscape to support several complex scripts including Hebrew, Arabic, Thai, Tibetan, etc. Kerning and letter-spacing can be adjusted on a per-glyph basis using keyboard shortcuts. Putting text on path is also supported, and both the text and the path remain editable. Inkscape supports italicized and bold, as well as super- and subscript character attributes, but underlining is not yet implemented.

Rendering

For a long time, unlike many other GTK+ applications, Inkscape used its own rendering library to create graphics, called libnr. From version 0.91 on, Inkscape uses Cairo to render graphics,^[14] which brought a significant increase in rendering speed of the application.

File formats

Inkscape's primary format is Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) version 1.1, meaning that it can create and edit with the abilities and within the constraints of this format. Any other format must either be imported (converted to SVG) or exported (converted from SVG). The SVG format is using the Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) standard internally. Inkscape's implementation of SVG and CSS standards is incomplete. Most notably, it does not support animation. Inkscape has multilingual support, particularly for complex scripts.

Inkscape can natively import from the following formats:

• SVG / SVGZ
• Adobe Illustrator (AI)
• CorelDRAW (CDR)
• Microsoft Visio (VSD)
• Portable Document Format (PDF)
• JPEG, PNG and GIF and other raster image formats

It can import the following formats with aid from extensions:

• PostScript (PS) using Ghostscript
• Encapsulated PostScript (EPS) using Ghostscript
• Dia Software (DIA)
• Xfig Software (FIG)
• Computer Graphics Metafile (CGM) (using UniConvertor)
• sK1 Software (SK1) (using UniConvertor)
• Sketch

Inkscape can natively export to the following formats:

• PDF
• PS
• EPS
• HTML5 Canvas
• LaTeX (TEX)
• POVRay (POV)
• Hewlett-Packard Graphics Language (HPGL)
• Synfig Animation Studio (SIF)
• Flash XML Graphics (FXG)^[15]

Other features

• XML GUI Tree Editor provides a direct manipulation of the SVG XML structure.
• Editing of RDF (Resource Description Framework) a W3C metadata information model
• Command-line interface, exposes format conversion functions and full-featured GUI scripting.
• More than sixty interface languages.
• Extensible to new file formats, effects and other features.
• Mathematical diagramming, with various uses of LaTeX.^[16]
• Experimental support for scripting.

Interface and usability

One of the main priorities of the Inkscape project is interface consistency and usability.^[17] This includes efforts to follow the GNOME human interface guidelines, universal keyboard accessibility, and convenient on-canvas editing. Inkscape has achieved significant progress in usability since the project started.

The number of floating dialog boxes has been reduced, with their functions available using keyboard shortcuts or in the docked toolbars in the editing window. The tool bar controls at the top of the window always display the controls relevant to the current tool.

All vector transformations, scale, rotation and positioning (minus skewing) have keyboard shortcuts with consistent modifiers ( Alt transforms by 1 screen pixel at the current zoom, Shift multiplies the transformation by 10, etc.). These keys work on nodes in Node tool as well as on objects in the Selector Tool. The most common operations (such as transformations, zooming, z-order) have convenient one-key shortcuts.

Inkscape provides mouse over tooltips and status bar hints for all buttons, controls, commands, keys, and on-canvas handles. The status bar hint messages are dynamic: A given object can display up to four hints while editing it with just one tool. The hints update based on two items—the tool being used, and the type of object/node/handle being edited—text, shapes, paths, node types, etc. It comes with a complete keyboard and mouse reference (in HTML and SVG)^[18] and several interactive tutorials in SVG.^[19]

The interface of Sodipodi (Inkscape's predecessor) was based on those of CorelDRAW and GIMP. The Inkscape interface has been influenced by Xara Xtreme.

Platform support

The latest version of Inkscape is available for Ubuntu, OpenSUSE, Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X platforms.^[20] Both 32-bit and 64-bit versions are available for Windows PCs.

Inkscape on OS X typically runs on XQuartz, although the underlying GTK+ toolkit can be compiled to run natively under Quartz.^[21]

Inkscape is packaged for all major Linux distributions (including Debian, Ubuntu, Fedora, OpenSUSE).

Version history

Inkscape 0.48.1

• Version 0.91 (January 30, 2015)^[22] introduced the usage of the Cairo library for rendering on canvas, a new measure tool, major text tool improvements, gradient tool improvements, new import and export formats, a grayscale mode, new alignment modes, a stroke with variable width named PowerStroke and many UI improvements and bug fixes.^[23]
• Version 0.48 (August 23, 2010) The highlights of this release are: multipath node editing, improved text tool: subscript, superscript, numerical and preset inputs for text kerning, tracking and more text enhancements, new Airbrush (Spray) tool, LaTeX export with PDF / PS / EPS, JessyInk extension for creating presentations viewable in SVG-enabled web browsers. A series of bugfix releases followed: 0.48.1 (March 2, 2011), 0.48.2 (September 6, 2011), 0.48.3 (February 15, 2012), 0.48.3.1 (February 19, 2012), 0.48.4 (December 17, 2012) and 0.48.5 (July 18, 2014).
• Version 0.47 (November 24, 2009) added an eraser tool (can slice paths), timed autosave, spiro splines interface for paths, auto-smooth nodes for paths, spellchecker for the text tool, new path effects like "sketch" and "hatches", new Python extensions like "alphabet soup" and "convert to Braille", some basic support for SVG fonts, improved PostScript support, and other minor modifications.
• Version 0.46 (March 24, 2008) added new docks-based user interface, Paint Bucket, Tweak and 3D Box tools, Live Path Effects, support for most SVG filters, the ability to open PDF files, import from the Open Clip Art Library, and OpenType/PostScript and Type1 font support fixed.
• Version 0.45.1 (March 23, 2007) was a bugfix release.
• Version 0.45 (February 5, 2007) has support for Gaussian blur, pattern along path, new Undo History dialog, improved bitmap tracing using simple interactive object extraction, a set of color effects, and many other minor modifications to existing features.
• Version 0.44.1 was a bugfix release.
• Version 0.44 (June 24, 2006) added a Layers dialog, support for clipping and masking, improved PDF export with transparency, and performance improvements.
• Version 0.43 (November 19, 2005) added Connector tool, collaborative editing, tablet pressure/angle sensitivity, and Node tool enhancements.
• Version 0.42 (July 26, 2005) added flowed text support, styling text spans, enhanced effects support, and the new gradient tool.
• Version 0.41 (February 10, 2005) added the clone tiler tool and color tracing, plus many bugfixes.
• Version 0.40 added support for layers, bitmap tracing, and text on path.
• Version 0.39 was the first release to use the Pango library, bringing better support for more languages, as well as support for markers, clones, and pattern fills.
• Version 0.38 was a bug fix release, but it also featured text kerning and letterspacing, multistage gradients, and many usability enhancements.
• Version 0.37 saw the addition of boolean path operations and path inset/outset.
• Version 0.36 was the first release with the reorganized UI using a menu bar and docked context-sensitive toolbars in the document window.
• Version 0.35 (November 2, 2003) was the first release of Inkscape, very similar to Sodipodi version 0.32.

2Geom

2Geom is a computational geometry library, originally developed for Inkscape. While developed for Inkscape it is a library that can be used from any application. It provides support for basic geometric algebra, paths, distortions, boolean operations, plotting implicit functions, NURBS and more. 2Geom is free software released under LGPL 2.1 or MPL 1.1.

See also

• Comparison of vector graphics editors
• Skencil
• Create Project
• Libre Graphics Meeting
• Open Clip Art Library
• Open Font Library

References

1. "Inkscape 0.91 Release Announcement". The Inkscape Team. 2015-01-27. Retrieved 2015-01-27.
2. "Roadmap". Inkscape Wiki. Retrieved 2011-04-22.
3. "Inkscape Features". Inkscape.org. Retrieved 11 September 2014.
4. "FAQ". Inkscape Project. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
5. "Linux.com Interviews Lauris Kaplinski". Linux.com. 2001-09-24. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
6. "FAQ". Inkscape Project. Retrieved 2016-02-10. What does 'Inkscape' mean? [...] The name is made up of the two English words 'ink' and 'scape'. Ink is a common substance for drawings, and is used when the sketched work is ready to be permanently committed to paper, and thus evokes the idea that Inkscape is ready for production work. A scape is a view of a large number of objects, such as a landscape or ocean-scape, and thus alludes to the object-oriented nature of vector imagery.
7. Compare -scape
8. "Announcing new project (sodipodi mailing list)". 2003-11-06. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
9. "Inkscape Sodipodi Comparison". Retrieved 2015-12-09.
10. "Frequently asked questions - Inkscape Wiki". Wiki.inkscape.org. 2012-07-29. Retrieved 2012-11-09.
11. "Google's Summer of Code". Inkscape wiki.
12. "Inkscape moving to Launchpad".
13. "Inkscape Keyboard Layout". openclipart.org. creative commons. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
14. "Release notes/0.91". Inkscape Wiki. Retrieved 2015-08-15.
15. "What formats can Inkscape import/export?". Inkscape Wiki. Retrieved 2015-08-16.
16. "Extension repository". Inkscape Wiki. Retrieved 2009-10-22.
17. "Inkscape FAQ, How did Inkscape start?". Inkscape Project. Retrieved 2015-08-16.
18. "Inkscape keyboard and mouse reference". Inkscape Project. Retrieved 2015-08-16.
19. "Inkscape tutorials web page". Inkscape Project. Retrieved 2015-08-16.
20. Download, Inkscape website
21. "Open Source Macintosh Packages". Flyn Computing. 2006-12-29. Retrieved 2009-10-22.
22. "Inkscape Version 0.91 is Released!". inkscape.org.
23. "Release notes for 0.91". wiki.inkscape.org.

Further reading

• Benjamin, Donna (February 22, 2010), Beginning Inkscape (1st ed.), Apress, p. 400, ISBN 1-4302-2513-0
• Kirsanov, Dmitry (September 29, 2009), The Book of Inkscape: The Definitive Guide to the Free Graphics Editor (1st ed.), No Starch Press, p. 476, ISBN 1-59327-181-6
• Bah, Tavmjong (May 6, 2011), Inkscape: Guide to a Vector Drawing Program (4th ed.), Prentice Hall, p. 504, ISBN 0-13-705173-5

External links

• Official website
• Inkscape Keyboard Layout - on Open Clipart