Interstellar communication

Interstellar communication is the transmission of signals between planetary systems. Sending interstellar messages is potentially much easier than interstellar travel, being possible with technologies and equipment which are currently available. However, the distances from Earth to other inhabited systems introduce prohibitive delays, assuming the limitations of the speed of light. The potential receipt of replies to communications by such means is estimated to be many human generations away, at best.

Radio

The SETI project has for the past several decades been conducting a search for signals being transmitted by extraterrestrial life located outside the Solar System, primarily in the radio frequencies of the electromagnetic spectrum. Special attention has been given to the Water Hole, the frequency of one of neutral hydrogen's absorption lines, due to the low background noise at this frequency and its symbolic association with the basis for what is likely to be the most common system of biochemistry (see Alternative biochemistry).

The regular radio pulses emitted by pulsars were briefly thought to be potential intelligent signals; the first pulsar to be discovered was originally designated "LGM-1", for "Little Green Men." They were quickly determined to be of natural origin, however.

Several attempts have been made to transmit signals to other stars as well, see "Realized projects" at Active SETI and Interstellar Radio Messages. One of the earliest and most famous was the 1974 radio message sent from the largest radio telescope in the world, the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico. An extremely simple message was aimed at a globular cluster of stars known as M13 in the Milky Way Galaxy and at a distance of 30,000 light years from the Solar System. These efforts have been more symbolic than anything else, however. Further, a possible answer needs double the travel time, i.e. tens of years (near stars) or 60,000 years (M13). Sending Interstellar Radio Messages between stars may prove to be optimal for many applications.^[1]

Other methods

NASA's Vision Mission for the Innovative Interstellar Explorer considered using optical-laser communication, as did the 1980s era TAU probe

It has also been proposed that higher frequency signals, such as lasers operating at visible light frequencies, may prove to be a fruitful method of interstellar communication; at a given frequency it takes surprisingly small energy output for a laser emitter to outshine its local star from the perspective of its target.

Other more exotic methods of communication have been proposed, such as modulated neutrino or gravitational wave emissions. These would have the advantage of being essentially immune to interference by intervening matter.

It was assumed that current technology could not produce gravitational waves for means of communication, however recent experiments have proven successful in detecting these waves and as a result give scientists an opportunity to start developing the technology for systems that could radicalize space exploration. ^[2]

Sending physical mail packets between stars may prove to be optimal for many applications.^[3] While mail packets would likely be limited to speeds far below that of electromagnetic or other light-speed signals (resulting in very high latency), the amount of information that could be encoded in only a few tons of physical matter could more than make up for it in terms of average bandwidth. The possibility of using interstellar messenger probes for interstellar communication — known as Bracewell probes — was first suggested by Ronald N. Bracewell in 1960, and the technical feasibility of this approach was demonstrated by the British Interplanetary Society's starship study Project Daedalus in 1978. Starting in 1979, Robert Freitas advanced arguments^{[3] [4] [5]} for the proposition that physical space-probes provide a superior mode of interstellar communication to radio signals, then undertook telescopic searches for such probes in 1979^[6] and 1982.^[7]

See also

• Interplanetary Internet
• List of interstellar radio messages
• Universal translator

References

1. Zaitsev, Alexander L. (2008). "Sending and Searching for Interstellar Messages". Acta Astronautica 63 (5–6): 614–617. doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2008.05.014.
2. Petlan, Jiri Joseph (2001). "Communication system using gravitational waves". Google Patents. USPTO. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
3. Freitas, Robert A. Jr. (1980). "Interstellar Probes: A New Approach To Seti". Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 33: 95–100. Bibcode:1980JBIS...33...95F.
4. Freitas, Robert A. Jr. (July–August 1983). "Debunking the Myths of Interstellar Probes". AstroSearch 1: 8–9.
5. Freitas, Robert A. Jr. (November 1983). "The Case for Interstellar Probes". Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 36: 490–495. Bibcode:1983JBIS...36..490F.
6. Freitas, Robert A. Jr.; Francisco Valdes (1980). "A Search for Natural or Artificial Objects Located at the Earth-Moon Libration Points". Icarus 42 (3): 442–447. Bibcode:1980Icar...42..442F. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(80)90106-2.
7. Valdes, Francisco; Robert A. Freitas Jr. (1983). "A Search for Objects near the Earth-Moon Lagrangian Points". Icarus 53 (3): 453–457. Bibcode:1983Icar...53..453V. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(83)90209-9.