Iran's Family Protection Law

In 1967, Iran adopted a set of progressive family laws, the Family Protection Act, which granted women more rights in the family; those rights were expanded in the Family Protection Law of 1975. Though the act was annulled in 1979 after the Islamic Revolution when Sharia law was re-introduced, the Family Protection Acts still stand out today for having been ahead of their time, particularly in a Muslim-majority country.[1]

Today, parts of the acts have been reintroduced in Iran, while others are under consideration. For instance the 1967 bill set up Special Courts for family matter. They were dissolved after the revolution, but Special Civil Courts were re-established in 1979 to adjudicate over matter relating to family law, succession and awqaf. Similarly, some legislative changes have moved family matters in a more progressive direction in the areas of minimum age of marriage, child custody and the grounds on which women can request divorce.

History

Before 1975

In 1906, the first constitution was promulgated in Iran. A series of laws were enacted in the following years, including in family law.

In the 1930s, There were twelve shi'ite laws of marriage, divorce, legitimacy, and custody of children that were incorporated in the civil code (Qānūn-e madanī). These twelve laws were enacted and revised in the 1930s. Marriages and divorces had to be registered in state registries following passage of the Marriage Act of 1931 (Article 1041).[2]

In 1962, Iranian law regarded women as being in the same class as minors, criminals, and the insane: they could not vote nor stand for public office, were not allowed the guardianship of their own children, could not work nor marry without permission of their male “benefactors,” could be divorced at any moment (with or without their prior knowledge, through the utterance of a simple sentence by the husband), and could be faced with the presence of a second, third, or fourth wife in their home at any moment-with no legal, financial, or emotional recourse. They could not become guardians of their children even after the father’s death. They could not transfer their citizenship to their children; indeed their citizenship was in jeopardy if they married a non-Iranian. They inherited from a father’s estate only half of what their brothers received and from a husband’s estate only one-fourth when there were no children and one-eighth if there were children.[3][4]

In 1967, two family protection bills were proposed. Majles representatives, including Mehrangiz Dowlatshahi, presented the bill which would later become law.[5] Female Senator Manhouchehrian presented a more progressive bill which was signed by 15 senators.[6] However, when some of the media presented an exaggerated take on the progressive bill, Manhouchehrian had to leave Tehran until the publicity died down, and possible threats to her safety subsided. As a consequence, the family law articles on polygamy and child custody were not addressed until 1975. Nonetheless the Family Protection Law abolished extrajudicial divorce, greatly limited polygyny, and established special Family Courts for dealing with matters relating to the new personal status legislation.[7]

The conservative clergy were vehemently opposed to the Family Protection Act and its goals. The Act removed a whole set of juridical issues in family interaction from clerical jurisdiction and handed it to family courts to decide. The clergy therefore lost much power and authority.

The law curtailed men's unilateral prerogatives regarding divorce and polygamy. Husbands would have to apply to a court for a non-reconciliation certificate first, and then the court would negotiate between the two parties.[2]

After 1979

The Family Protection Act was abrogated right after the 1979 revolution. The new regime reinstated the primacy of men within the institution of the family, reinforcing patriarchal norms and notions such as, “man is the head of the family”, “woman is the second sex”, and “women and children are the property of the men in the family.”[6]

Marriage age reverted to 9 for girls. Restrictions on polygamy and temporary marriages were repealed. Women lost the right to divorce and to child custody. The mehrieh (marriage portion payable to the wife) was taxed above the level considered customary by the government. Male judges only were appointed to all courts.

In September 1979, a modified version of the Family Protection Law's divorce provisions were introduced and adopted on the 23rd of that month. It creating special civil courts that went into effect in November of that year. It allowed divorce only after a judge attempted to reconcile a marriage between both parties, then the court would schedule to hear the case and make a decision. If both mutually consent to divorce, then they go to an Office of Marriage and Divorce Registration and register their divorce before 2 witnesses.[2]

Also, The minimum age of marriage was moved from 9 to the onset of puberty. Child custody, no longer an inalienable right of fathers, is now up to the decision of Special Civil Courts. A 1992 law amended regulations on divorce, extending a wife’s access to divorce granting women more grounds for requesting a divorce.[8]

Key points

References for this section:[9][10]

Marriage

The family protection laws of 1967 and 1975 increased the minimum age of marriage to 15 for women and to 20 for men.

Divorce

The right of divorce had initially belonged solely to the husband, but with the Family Protection Law, both men and women can ask the courts for divorce under specific circumstances.

There were seven circumstances in which either spouse could ask for divorce. One involves the refusal of the provision of tamkin, the duty, in Islam, to submit to a spouse's will. Traditionally, this has been applied to women, but Islam states that it must be reciprocated by both parties.[11]

The other circumstances include:[12]

Child custody and alimony

The courts determined whether it would be more beneficial for the child to live with the father or the mother.

The father was responsible for providing support unless he was deemed financially incapable of doing so in which case the mother would be held responsible. The father was responsible for managing the finances of the child. However, after the father’s death, or in case of his inability to carry out his duties, the courts could appoint either the mother or the paternal grandfather as the child’s guardian.

Polygamy

Prior to the ratification of the 1975 Family Protection Law, a man could marry four wives and have a large number of temporary marriages. As a result of this law (1975), a man could marry a second wife only by permission of the courts (with a valid reason to obtain this permission) and after obtaining the express consent of his first wife. Concurrently, the wife was given the right to obtain a divorce from her husband in case he took a second wife.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Hinchcliffe, Doreen (1968). Legal Reforms in the Shi'i World:Recent Legislation in Iran and Iraq in Malaya Law Review 10/2. pp. 292–305.
  2. 1 2 3 http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/divorce#pt4. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  3. ↑ Hinchcliffe, Doreen (1968). The Iranian Family Protection Act in International and Comparative Law Quarterly 17. pp. 516–521.
  4. ↑ Bagley, F.R.C. (1971). The Iranian Family Protection Law of 1967: A Milestone in the Advance of Women's Rights in Iran and Islam C.E. Bosworth (Ed.). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 47–64.
  5. ↑ "Oral History interview of Mehrangiz Dowlatshahi". Foundation for Iranian Studies. Bethesda, MD, USA: Foundation for Iranian Studies. Retrieved 2010-04-29. External link in |work= (help)
  6. 1 2 "Reform and Regression: The Fate of the Family Protection Law". The Feminist School. Retrieved 2010-04-29.
  7. ↑ An-Na'im, Abdullahi A. (2002). Islamic family law in a changing world: a global resource book. Zed Books. ISBN 978-1-84277-093-1.
  8. ↑ "Legal Profile of Iran". Emory Law. Retrieved 2010-05-06.
  9. ↑ Pakzad, Sima: "The Legal Status of Women in the Family in Iran" in Afkhami, M. and Friedl, E. (eds.), In The Eye Of The Storm: Women in Post-Revolutionary Iran, Syracuse University Press: 1994 (ISBN 978-0-8156-2633-6).
  10. ↑ Hinchcliffe, Doreen: "The Iranian Family Protection Act", International and Comparative Law Quarterly 17 (1968), pp. 516–21.
  11. ↑ Yamani, M.; Allen, A. (1996). Feminism and Islam: Legal and Literary Perspectives. Ithaca Press. p. 294. ISBN 9780863722158. Retrieved 2015-05-29.
  12. ↑ "Iran Human Rights Documentation Center - Gender Inequality and Discrimination: The Case of Iranian Women". iranhrdc.org. Retrieved 2015-05-29.

External links

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