Iron Thunderhorse

Iron Thunderhorse, Biwabiko Paddaquahas, is CEO and Legal Sovereign of ACQTC, Inc., and Hereditary Grand Sachem and Powwamanitomp (Shaman) of the Quinnipiac Thunder Clan.

Ancestry and childhood

Iron Thunderhorse was born in New Haven, Connecticut on January 29, 1950, as William L. Coppola. In 1989, he legally changed his name to Iron Thunderhorse (Biwabiko Paddaquahas in Quinnipiac), citing cultural, religious, and traditional reasons. Reportedly in keeping with Quinnipiac tradition, Thunderhorse says this name was chosen by four elders, including Slow Turtle (John Peters).

Thunderhorse's mother was Norma Patricia Brown, a grand niece of Sakaskantawe (Flying Squirrel Woman). In ALGONQUIN EAGLE SONG: An Informal "Honor Roll" of Great Algonquins, Evan T. Pritchard writes, "Iron Thunderhorse is a direct descendant of Elizabeth Sakaskantawe [Mahweeyeuh/Brown] (the last matriarch of the Quinnipiac's Totoket Band) of the people of southwestern Connecticut, who were among the first … to be driven from their land."[1] Thunderhorse's father was an immigrant from Naples, Italy, and his stepfather was an Ojibway from Quebec, Canada.

By age 12, Thunderhorse reports he had been exposed to six languages (English, Italian, Latin, French-Canadian, Anishinabemowin, and Quiripi) by his relatives. Thunderhorse traces his passion for honoring and preserving the language and traditions of his Native American ancestor to his childhood time with Sakaskantawe. She was in her mid-90s to early 100s when she taught Thunderhorse 100 basic words of the Quiripi language, various Quiripi traditions, and the importance of learning and preserving them.

Controversy and Incarceration

Allegations have been made that Iron Thunderhorse is not truly Native American;[2][3] however, no evidence has been offered with any of these allegations.

Iron Thunderhorse has been incarcerated by the Texas Department of Criminal Justice since 1978, inmate number 00624391. His projected release date is 4-24-2022. In 1977, he was convicted of the charges of aggravated kidnapping, aggravated rape, aggravated robbery; and in 1991 convicted of a charge of escape.[4] Requests for official details of the crimes of which he has been convicted and the court cases involved have been denied or the records have been lost.

Human Rights Advocate

Early in his incarceration, Thunderhorse became a certified paralegal. He served as Editor for Thunderbird Free Press (Native American tribes' and prisoners' rights), and as Briefing Editor for the Prison Law Monitor. His first published work in legal forums was Breaking the Chains (Inside/Out Press, Fresno, CA, 1983) about the history and jurisprudence of self-representation in America. He wrote exclusive columns on prison law in Easyriders, Biker Lifestyle, Iron Horse, Guild Notes, and Voice for the Defense.

Thunderhorse was active in the RUIZ VS. ESTELLE prison reform litigation as a class Plaintiff. In 1981, the presiding Judge, William Wayne Justice, appointed Vince Nathan as Special Master to monitor compliance with the court's mandates. Mr. Nathan was to study official retaliation against "jailhouse lawyers" and Thunderhorse was one of those interviewed by him at the Ellis Unit. Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ) officials declined to release Iron's central file and Mr. Nathan had to petition the Court for sanctions against TDCJ.[5]

Thunderhorse has written columns about legislation and prison reform in the Daily Texas (UT-Austin Law School paper) and the Houston Post[6] In 1990, Dallas Morning News reporter Mark McDonald wrote that "the state also knows Mr. Coppola [Thunderhorse] as one of the most formidable legal opponents it has ever encountered, a jailhouse Clarence Darrow, a self-taught prison lawyer of incomparable skill and persistence."[7]

Thunderhorse also co-founded The Thunderbird Alliance, a coalition of Tribes, Medicine Societies, Support Groups, and prison circles to address the many problems faced by Native American religious adherents behind prison walls. He served as Editor-in-Chief for The Thunderbird Free Press, the quarterly forum for the Thunderbird Alliance. Humanity & Society, a journal of humanist socialogy, published a special issue about Native American struggles and two Thunderbird Alliance Advocates (one of whom was Thunderhorse), which included an essay on the legacy of the Thunderbird Alliance, from its tribal roots.[8]

In 2000, ECOS (the Environmental Council of Stamford) was losing a lawsuit[9] against the cities of Stamford and Greenwich, Connecticut in an effort to save the Rosa Hartman Park and Laddin's Rock Park from becoming a golf course. ECOS requested assistance from ACQTC, Inc. and Thunderhorse filed a Motion to Intervene as the Legal Sovereign of ACQTC, Inc., and submitted an 86-page multidisciplinary study about the sites. Eventually, Attorney General Richard Blumenthal indicated he would file for a permanent injunction after Thunderhorse pointed out that the original donors of the land did so with the stipulation that the Parks be used for the public (precluding a golf course for the wealthy).[10]

In 2003, Thunderhorse, who is now legally blind, filed a Pro Se litigation under the ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act) about the conditions in Texas prisons, because they reportedly did not adequately accommodate disabled prisoners. This led to an investigation by ADVOCACY, Inc.

In late 2004, Thunderhorse filed suit in Pro Se under the RLUIPA (Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act) after TDCJ defendants reportedly violated three previous out-of-court settlements. When the U.S. Magistrate Judge ruled against Thunderhorse,[11] he appealed to the Fifth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in New Orleans. In a four-page PER CURIAM OPINION, the 5th Circuit vacated the District Court's ruling and remanded the case for "further proceedings."

Artist

Thunderhorse has published a special series teaching the basics of many Native American traditional crafts.[12] His book, Return of the Thunderbeings (by Iron Thunderhorse and Donn LeVie, Jr., Santa Fe, Bear & Co., 1990, ISBN 0-939680-68-8), has chapters on Shamanic art and is full of symbols and designs used as iconography in tribal arts and crafts. All of Thunderhorse's books, booklets, and scholarly studies contain his line drawings, maps, and charts. Four of his illustrations appear in Voices of Native America[13] and he designed the cover for his only authorized biography, Following the Footprints of a Stone Giant: The Life and Times of Iron Thunderhorse.

Iron's artistic work has been collected by tribes, museums, and private collectors in the US, Canada, and abroad. His historical pictographic portraiture of Tecumseh is on display at the Museums at Prophetstown State Park in Lafayette, Indiana. His masks are in the private collections of Barbara Hand Clow, David Wagner, and Yehwehnode. At the Indian Trading Post and Powwow Museum, just south of Indianapolis, Indiana, many Thunderhorse originals were on display for several years. Other works have been on display in Louisville, Kentucky; New York City; Orange, Texas; and elsewhere. A permanent exhibit of Iron's maps and portraits reside at the Quinnipiac Dawnland Museum in Guilford, Connecticut, while a large collection of his work remains at the ACQTC National Office in Milltown, Indiana. At gatherings, his creations have been used as educational tools in CT, IN, NY, and Quebec, Canada. To help raise funds and awareness, he has donated paintings to worthy groups such as the Eastern Puma Research Association in Baltimore, Maryland.

Linguist

Thunderhorse has written bilingual poetry in numerous Algonquian language dialects and has published many scholarly papers on linguistics in the Dawnlander, the ACQTC Literary Journal (annual).

In 2000, Thunderhorse developed a 100-page Quiripi language guide. In 2006 he published a 295-page revised and expanded edition, A Complete Guide for Learning, Speaking, and Writing The PEA-A Wampano-Quiripi R-Dialect (QTC Press, ACLI Series).

See the list below for other published books, articles, and unpublished manuscripts concerning Native American languages and writing systems.

Author

A more complete bibliography of works written by Thunderhorse (c. 1985–2005) appears on pages 94–103 of Following the Footprints of a Stone Giant: The Life and Times of Iron Thunderhorse (by Ruth Mahweeyeuh Thunderhorse, Infinity Publishing.com, 2007. ISBN 0-7414-3977-8). Included here is an excerpt from that bibliography.

Some of Thunderhorse's published and unpublished works can be found at the Beineke Rare Books (Yale University) Library in New Haven, Connecticut; at the Connecticut Historical Society in Hartford, Connecticut; at the Mashantucket Pequot Research Center in Mashantucket, Connecticut; at the Center for Algonquian Culture in Woodstock, New York; and at the Quinnipiac Dawnland Museum in Guilford, Connecticut.

Published works

Articles and Columns

Manuscripts

These manuscripts are available for viewing by appointment at the ACQTC national office in Milltown, Indiana.

Endnotes

  1. ↑ Algonquin Eagle Song, by Evan Pritchard, Center of Algonquin Culture, Resonance Communications, P.O. Box 1028, Woodstock, NY. 2000.
  2. ↑ http://www.nativewayproductions.com/Iron_Thunderhorse.htm (no longer available, 2012)
  3. ↑ http://www.bluecorncomics.com/newage.htm
  4. ↑ http://offender.tdcj.state.tx.us/POSdb2/offenderDetail.action?sid=02408848
  5. ↑ Ray Mariotti, Ed. "Prison officials should cooperate," Austin American Statesman, November 28, 1981, p. A10.
  6. ↑ "A deterrent, or simply a lust for blood?" by William C.H. Coppola, in The Houston Post, January 25, 1984, (see footnote by editor).
  7. ↑ "Throwing the books at them – Prison law libraries turn inmates into barristers – sometimes good ones," by Mark McDonald, The Dallas Morning News, May 21, 1990.
  8. ↑ "The Thunderbird Alliance: Reclaiming the Legacy of Tribal Democracy," by Iron Thunderhorse, Humanity & Society, 1989 (reprinted in Humanity & Society Special 25th Anniversary Issue, Part One, Featuring Selected Articles from the 1970's and 1980's, Volume 27, No. 3, August 2003, pp. 425ff.).
  9. ↑ CV 99 071749 INLAND WETLANDS & WATERCOURSES COMMISSION OF THE TOWN OF GREENWICH ET AL. v. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION BOARD ET AL. filed in Superior Court Judicial District of Norwalk at Stamford.
  10. ↑ "Parks buried past: Some say Hartman project could violate sacred American Indian sites," Stamford Advocate, September 24, 2001. Also see, "ACQTC Guardians of Sacred Sites," by Iron Thunderhorse in Branford Review 7-6-2002.
  11. ↑ See this copy of the judgement which is posted on the Native American Rights Fund website (narf.org).
  12. ↑ Country Roads Chronicles, "Traditions of …" series by Iron Thunderhorse (Google Search on Internet and copies at ACQTC National Office).
  13. ↑ Hap Gilliland, Ed., Voices of Native America, Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque, 1997, ISBN 0-7872-3881-3

Additional reading

Following the Footprints of a Stone Giant: The Life and Times of Iron Thunderhorse, Ruth Mahweeyeuh Thunderhorse, 2007, InfinityPublishing.com, West Conshohocken, PA. ISBN 0-7414-3977-8.

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