Isaac Ross (planter)

For the rugby player from New Zealand, see Isaac Ross.

Isaac Ross
Born January 18, 1760
Orangeburg County, South Carolina
Died January 19, 1836
Jefferson County, Mississippi
Resting place Prospect Hill Plantation, Jefferson County, Mississippi
Occupation Planter
Title Captain
Spouse(s) Jane (Brown) Ross
Children Margaret Allison Ross Reed
Martha B. Ross
Alison Ross
Isaac Ross
Arthur Alison
Parent(s) Isaac Ross
Jean Brown Ross
Relatives Thomas Buck Reed (son-in-law)
Isaac Ross Wade (grandson)
Walter Ross Wade (grandson)

Isaac Ross (1760-1836) was an American Revolutionary War veteran and planter from South Carolina who developed Prospect Hill Plantation in Jefferson County, Mississippi, for cotton cultivation. He owned thousands of acres and nearly 160 slaves by 1820.

In 1830 Ross was among the major donors and founders of Oakland College, a Presbyterian-affiliated school for young men near Lorman, Mississippi, which operated from 1830 to 1870. After sale to the state that year, it was renamed by the state legislature as Alcorn College and designated as a land-grant university, the first land grant institution for blacks in the United States.

Influenced by war ideals and the American Colonization Society, Ross was among the founders of the Mississippi Colonization Society. Its goal was to repatriate (or transport) freed slaves to Africa in order to get them out of the South, where planters believed they threatened slave societies. In 1835 Ross wrote a will to free his hundreds of African-American slaves (who were overwhelmingly US native-born) and sell his plantation, using the revenue to transport the freed slaves to Liberia, where a colony had been set up in coastal West Africa. The Mississippi Colonization Society purchased land, establishing a colony known as Mississippi-in-Africa. In 1847 it became part of the Commonwealth of Liberia.

Biography

Early life

Isaac Ross was born on January 18, 1760 in North Carolina. His family moved when he was young to Orangeburg County, South Carolina.[1][2] He was named after his father, Isaac Ross.[1] His mother was Jean (Brown) Ross (1756-1823).[1]

Career

In the American Revolutionary War of 1775-1783, Ross rose to the rank of Captain of the Second Dragoons under the leadership of General Thomas Sumter (1734–1832).[2][3]

In 1808, together with his brother Thomas, Ross moved from South Carolina to the Mississippi Territory.[1][2] He purchased what he developed as the Prospect Hill Plantation near Port Gibson, Jefferson County.[2] By 1818 he owned 3,881 acres of land and 133 slaves; 158 slaves in 1820; and 4,240 acres of land and 113 slaves in 1830.[1] By 1828, he also owned several other plantations and more slaves.[2] Shortly before his death, he owned around 5,000 acres of land, 160 slaves, and had an estimated wealth of US$100,000.[1]

In 1830, Ross was one of the financial supporters of Oakland College in Lorman, Mississippi, a Presbyterian college whose president was minister Jemeriah Chamberlain.[4]

In the 1830s, together with Chamberlain and three other planters, Edward McGehee, Stephen Duncan, and John Ker, Ross co-founded the Mississippi Colonization Society. Like the American Colonization Society, its goal was to relocate free blacks and newly freed slaves to the American colony of Liberia in West Africa in order to separate them from American society, particularly the slave societies of the South.[2][5] The organization was focused on slaves freed in Mississippi, which had a majority-black population composed overwhelmingly of enslaved African Americans. These major slaveholders believed that free blacks threatened the stability of American society, and that transporting freed slaves to Africa might be a long-term solution.[2][5]

Personal life

Ross married Jane Brown (1762-1829).[1][2] They had two sons and three daughters:

Ross was widowed. Around the same period that he lost his wife, their daughter and a son-in-law, and two Ross sons also died.[2]

Death and legacy

He died on January 19, 1836 in Jefferson County, Mississippi. He was buried in the cemetery at Prospect Hill Plantation. It later became known as the Wade Family Cemetery after his grandson Isaac Ross Wade reacquired the plantation in the 1850s, building a new mansion and living on the grounds.

Ross freed his slaves in his will, ordering the sale of his plantation to raise funds in order to pay for their transport to Liberia and provide them with a stake to get necessary supplies for their new lives.[5][6] The will stipulated that those slaves who chose not to emigrate to Africa should be sold to the highest bidder, with the proceeds invested to go to the American Colonization Society to build a new university in Liberia for the colonists and support it for 100 years. Ross added the caveat that slave families could not be separated.[5]

Ross and other supporters of such colonization referred to freed slaves being "repatriated" to Africa, but by this time, most slaves were overwhelmingly American born, and had been for generations. In the North most free blacks did not want to leave the United States but to improve their treatment and gain civil rights here. They expressed considerable opposition to the program of the American Colonization Society, but thousands of free blacks did migrate as pioneers to Liberia.

Of Ross' 160 registered slaves at Prospect Hill Plantation, 123 chose to be freed and emigrate to Africa. (Five were prohibited from leaving.)[5] Other freed slaves were added from other plantations, making a group of nearly 300.[6] Ross' grandson Isaac Ross Wade contested the will for nearly a decade.

In 1842 Mississippi passed a law prohibiting the manumission of slaves by will, and prohibiting removal of slaves from the state for the purpose of manumission.[5] But perhaps legislators had not envisioned 'repatriation' for the purpose of manumission, as the will was eventually upheld in 1845 by the Supreme Court of Mississippi.[5] There were additional technicalities that delayed the freedmen's departure and they worked under the authority of Isaac Ross Wade at Prospect Hill Plantation, with the stipulation that they were technically free and would be paid for their time.[5]

Finally traveling from Natchez, Mississippi by ship, the Prospect Hill freedmen reached Liberia in two groups in 1848.[5] They settled in what came to be known as Mississippi-in-Africa, on land purchased by the Mississippi Colonization Society. Most of them could read and write, and were likely among the elite household staff and artisans among slaves.

Many corresponded with Wade and members of his family, as well as representatives of the MCS, in an attempt to gain supplies they desperately needed, as well as to have the family pay them what they were owed for three years' work - an estimated $100,000. They were met mostly with silence; in one letter the Wade family told them their board and court expenses had been charged to the money they were owed, and that in fact they were in debt to the family.[5] The letters from the African Americans reported the high fatalities their group suffered, with many dying in the first year or so of "African fever."[5] Neither the Wade family nor the ACS ever followed through on their obligations to the settlers; no university in Liberia was endowed or established from Ross' funds.[5]

In Mississippi in Africa: The Saga of the Slaves of Prospect Hill Plantation and Their Legacy in Liberia Today (revised edition, 2010), author Alan Huffman argues that tensions introduced by the development of this colony (and the larger influence of Americo-Liberians in the country) created longstanding resentments among the indigenous tribesmen. In addition, the Americo-Liberians repressed the native peoples and assumed their own superiority, in a very colonial manner. They created a society with inequities that strongly contributed to the First Liberian Civil War of 1989-1996 and the Second Liberian Civil War of 1999-2003. Because the Americo-Liberians dominated the country politically and economically into the 20th century, suppressing the native tribes, there was great resentment within the country among the peoples of the tribes. The Americo-Liberians treated the native tribes as inferior to them, much as they had been treated by whites in the United States.[6]

A memorial obelisk to Isaac Ross stands at his gravesite in the cemetery at Prospect Hill Plantation.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Mississippi Department of Archives & History
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Mary Carol Miller, Lost Mansions of Mississippi, Jackson, Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi, 2010, Volume II, pp. 53-56
  3. ↑ Bobby Gilmer Moss, Roster of South Carolina Patriots in the American Revolution, Genealogical Publishing Co., 2009, Volume I, A-Jp. 319
  4. ↑ Mary Carol Miller, Must See Mississippi: 50 Favorite Places, Oxford, Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi, 2007, pp. 41-44
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Dale Edwyna Smith, The Slaves of Liberty: Freedom in Amite County, Mississippi, 1820-1868, Routledge, 2013, pp. 15-21
  6. 1 2 3 Alan Huffman, Mississippi in Africa: The Saga of the Slaves of Prospect Hill Plantation and Their Legacy in Liberia Today (2010), Project Muse, text online

Further reading

Fiction:

External links

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