Italian cruiser Liguria

Liguria at anchor in 1899
History
Name:	Liguria
Namesake:	Region of Liguria
Laid down:	1 July 1889
Launched:	8 June 1893
Completed:	1 December 1894
Fate:	Sold for scrapping, 15 May 1920
General characteristics
Class and type:	Regioni-class cruiser
Displacement:	Full load: 3,110 t (3,060 long tons; 3,430 short tons)
Length:	84.8 m (278 ft)
Beam:	12.03 m (39.5 ft)
Draft:	4.67 m (15.3 ft)
Installed power:	4 water-tube boilers, 5,536 ihp (4,128 kW)
Propulsion:	2 shaft triple-expansion engines
Speed:	18.1 knots (33.5 km/h; 20.8 mph)
Range:	2,100 nmi (3,900 km; 2,400 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph)
Complement:	213–278
Armament:	4 × 15 cm (5.9 in) guns 6 × 12 cm (4.7 in) guns 8 × 57 mm (2.2 in) guns 2 × 37 mm (1.5 in) guns 2 × 45 cm (18 in) torpedo tubes
Armor:	Deck: 50 mm (2.0 in) Conning tower: 50 mm

Liguria was a protected cruiser built for the Italian Regia Marina (Royal Navy). She was the fourth of six Regioni-class cruisers, all of which were named for regions of Italy.^[1] Liguria was built by the Ansaldo shipyard in Genoa; her keel was laid in July 1899, she was launched in June 1893, and was commissioned into the fleet in December 1894. The ship was equipped with a main armament of four 15 cm (5.9 in) and six 12 cm (4.7 in) guns, and she could steam at a speed of 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph).

Liguria served in a variety of roles throughout her career. She frequently was assigned to the main fleet, but in 1904 she was deployed to the American Station. In 1906, she conducted tests with coaling while at sea, and from 1908 to 1911, she was fitted with an experimental observation balloon. She saw extensive action during the Italo-Turkish War in 1911–12. She took part in the seizure of Benghazi, provided gunfire support to the defenders of Tripoli, and conducted bombardments of Ottoman ports in western Libya and the Red Sea coast of Arabia. She was still in service during World War I as a training ship, but she did not see action during the conflict. Liguria was eventually sold for scrap in May 1921.

Design

Liguria was 84.8 meters (278 ft) long overall and had a beam of 12.03 m (39.5 ft) and a draft of 4.67 m (15.3 ft). She displaced up to 3,110 metric tons (3,060 long tons; 3,430 short tons) at full load. Her propulsion system consisted of a pair of horizontal triple-expansion engines, with steam supplied by four cylindrical water-tube boilers.^[2] On her speed trials, she reached a maximum of 18.1 knots (33.5 km/h; 20.8 mph) at 5,536 indicated horsepower (4,128 kW).^[3] The ship had a cruising radius of about 2,100 nautical miles (3,900 km; 2,400 mi) at a speed of 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). She had a crew of between 213–278.^[2]

Liguria was armed with a main battery of four 15 cm (5.9 in) L/40 guns mounted singly, with two side by side forward and two side by side aft. Six 12 cm (4.7 in) L/40 guns were placed between them, with three on each broadside. Light armament included eight 57 mm (2.2 in) guns two 37 mm (1.5 in) guns, and a pair of machine guns. She was also equipped with two 45 cm (18 in) torpedo tubes. Liguria was protected by a 50 mm (2.0 in) thick deck, and her conning tower had 50 mm thick sides.^[2]

Service history

Liguria towing Sterope during coaling underway tests in 1906

Liguria was built by the Ansaldo shipyard in Genoa; her keel was laid on 1 July 1889.^[2] Shortages of funding slowed the completion Liguria and her sister ships. Tight budgets forced the Navy to reduce the pace of construction so that the funds could be used to keep the active fleet in service.^[4] It took nearly four years to complete the hull, which was launched on 8 June 1893. Fitting-out work proceeded much more quickly, and the new cruiser was ready for service a year and a half later. She was commissioned into the fleet on 1 December 1894.^[2] That year, Liguria was assigned to the Third Division of the Italian fleet, along with San Martino,^[5] an ancient center battery ironclad, which had been launched in 1862.^[6]

In 1902–03, Liguria was in the main Italian fleet; while in their normal peacetime training routine, the ships of the main fleet were kept in commission for exercises for seven months of the year. For the remaining five months, they were kept in a partial state of readiness with reduced crews.^[7][8] The ship was assigned to the American Station in 1904, the sole Italian warship in the region.^[9] In late 1906, the ship took part in experiments with coaling while underway. She towed the collier SS Sterope at a speed of 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph) while coal was transferred via the towing cable. An average of 60 t (59 long tons; 66 short tons) of coal was transferred per hour during the test.^[10] Starting in 1908, Liguria was modified to operate an observation balloon. This service, which lasted until 1911, involved towing a "draken" balloon—invented by the Germans August von Parseval and Rudolf von Sigsfeld—to spot naval mines for the fleet.^[11][12]

At the outbreak of the Italo-Turkish War in September 1911, Liguria was stationed in Italian Eritrea with four other cruisers.^[13] She was transferred to the Mediterranean Sea, and on 18 October she joined the escort for a troop convoy headed to Benghazi. The convoy was heavily protected against a possible Ottoman attack; the escort comprised the four Regina Elena-class pre-dreadnought battleships, two other cruisers, and five destroyers. The Italian fleet bombarded the city the next morning after the Ottoman garrison refused to surrender. During the bombardment, parties from the ships and the infantry from the troopships went ashore.^[14] The Italians quickly forced the Ottomans to withdraw into the city by evening. After a short siege, the Ottoman forces withdrew on 29 October, leaving the city to the Italians.^[15]

Liguria thereafter moved to Tripoli, where she supported the Italians who had taken the city against Turkish counterattacks. On 9 November, she, the armored cruiser Carlo Alberto, the minelayer Partenope, and the torpedo boat Cigno provided critical gunfire support that broke a series of Ottoman attacks on the city.^[16] A month later, Liguria joined Partenope and the torpedo boats Dardo and Euro for a series of bombardments on the ports of Zuwarah, Misrata, and Argub.^[17] Liguria then returned to Tripoli with Carlo Alberto, the torpedo cruiser Iride, and several torpedo boats while most of the Italian fleet returned to Italy for refitting.^[18] In January 1912, Liguria and her sister Elba were transferred to the Red Sea, along with a pair of fast mail steamers.^[19] The cruiser fleet in the Red Sea then began a campaign of coastal bombardments of Ottoman ports in the area.^[20] A blockade was proclaimed of the Ottoman ports, which included the cities of Al Luḩayyah and Al Hudaydah.^[21] The Ottomans eventually agreed to surrender in October, ending the war.^[22]

By the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, Liguria was assigned to the Third Division of the First Squadron as a training ship.^[23] Italy declared neutrality at the start of the war, but by July 1915, the Triple Entente had convinced the Italians to enter the war against the Central Powers.^[24] The old cruiser nevertheless saw no action during the war. She was sold for scrap on 15 May 1921 and was subsequently broken up.^[2]

Notes

1. "Lombardia"
2. Gardiner, p. 349
3. "Notes on Ships and Torpedo Boats" 1896, p. 67
4. "Notes on Ships and Torpedo Boats" 1891, p. 41
5. "Naval and Military Notes", p. 565
6. Gardiner, p. 339
7. "Naval Notes" 1902, p. 1075
8. Brassey, p. 60
9. "Naval Notes" 1904, p. 1430
10. Cox, pp. 175–176
11. Gardiner, p. 350
12. Cernuschi & O'Hara, p. 61
13. Beehler, p. 10
14. Beehler, p. 27
15. Beehler, pp. 28–29
16. Beehler, p. 35
17. Beehler, p. 47
18. Beehler, p. 50
19. Beehler, p. 52
20. Beehler, p. 60
21. Beehler, p. 70
22. Beehler, p. 95
23. The New International Encyclopaedia, p. 469
24. Halpern, p. 140

References

• Beehler, William Henry (1913). The History of the Italian-Turkish War: September 29, 1911, to October 18, 1912. Annapolis: United States Naval Institute.
• Brassey, Thomas A., ed. (1904). "The Naval Annual". Portsmouth: J. Griffin & Co.
• Cernuschi, Enrico & O'Hara, Vincent. Jordan, John, ed. "Search For A Flattop: The Italian Navy and the Aircraft Carrier, 1907–2007". Warship 2007 (London: Conway Maritime Press): 61–80. ISBN 9781844860418.
• Cox, Daniel H., ed. (1914). Transactions of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers (New York: Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers) XXII. OCLC 1765929. Missing or empty |title= (help)
• Gardiner, Robert, ed. (1979). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships: 1860–1905. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-133-5.
• Halpern, Paul G. (1995). A Naval History of World War I. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-352-4.
• "Lombardia". Regia Marina (in Italian). Retrieved 6 January 2015.
• "Naval and Military Notes". Journal of the Royal United Service Institute (London: Harrison & Sons). XXXVIII: 557–572. 1894.
• "Naval Notes". Journal of the Royal United Service Institute (London: J. J. Keliher & Co.) XLVI: 1060–1079. 1902.
• "Naval Notes". Journal of the Royal United Service Institute (London: J. J. Keliher & Co.). XLVIII: 1418–1434. 1904.
• "Notes on Ships and Torpedo Boats". Notes on the Year's Naval Progress (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office): 7–70. 1891.
• "Notes on Ships and Torpedo Boats". Notes on the Year's Naval Progress (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office): 11–94. 1896.
• The New International Encyclopaedia (New York, NY: Dodd Mead & Co.) XII. 1922. Missing or empty |title= (help)