Italo Calvino

Italo Calvino
Born Italo Giovanni Calvino Mameli
(1923-10-15)15 October 1923
Santiago de Las Vegas, Cuba
Died 19 September 1985(1985-09-19) (aged 61)
Siena, Italy
Occupation Journalist, short story writer, novelist, essayist
Nationality Italian
Literary movement Neorealism, Postmodernism
Notable works

Italo Calvino (Italian: [ˈiːtalo kalˈviːno];[1] 15 October 1923 – 19 September 1985) was an Italian journalist and writer of short stories and novels. His best known works include the Our Ancestors trilogy (1952–1959), the Cosmicomics collection of short stories (1965), and the novels Invisible Cities (1972) and If on a winter's night a traveler (1979).

Admired in Britain and the United States, he was the most-translated contemporary Italian writer at the time of his death, and a contender for the Nobel Prize for Literature.[2]

Biography

Parents

Italo Calvino was born in Santiago de las Vegas, a suburb of Havana, Cuba, in 1923. His father, Mario, was a tropical agronomist and botanist who also taught agriculture and floriculture.[3] Born 47 years earlier in Sanremo, Italy, Mario Calvino had emigrated to Mexico in 1909 where he took up an important position with the Ministry of Agriculture. In an autobiographical essay, Italo Calvino explained that his father "had been in his youth an anarchist, a follower of Kropotkin and then a Socialist Reformist".[4] In 1917, Mario left for Cuba to conduct scientific experiments, after living through the Mexican Revolution.

Calvino's mother, Eva Mameli, was a botanist and university professor.[5] A native of Sassari in Sardinia and 11 years younger than her husband, she married while still a junior lecturer at Pavia University. Born into a secular family, Eva was a pacifist educated in the "religion of civic duty and science".[6] Calvino described his parents as being "very different in personality from one another",[4] suggesting perhaps deeper tensions behind a comfortable, albeit strict, middle-class upbringing devoid of conflict. As an adolescent, he found it hard relating to poverty and the working-class, and was "ill at ease" with his parents' openness to the laborers who filed into his father's study on Saturdays to receive their weekly paycheck.[7]

Early life and education

In 1925, less than two years after Calvino's birth, the family returned to Italy and settled permanently in Sanremo on the Ligurian coast. Calvino's brother Floriano, who became a distinguished geologist, was born in 1927.

The family divided their time between the Villa Meridiana, an experimental floriculture station which also served as their home, and Mario's ancestral land at San Giovanni Battista. On this small working farm set in the hills behind San Remo, Mario pioneered in the cultivation of then exotic fruits such as avocado and grapefruit, eventually obtaining an entry in the Dizionario biografico degli italiani for his achievements. The vast forests and luxuriant fauna omnipresent in Calvino's early fiction such as The Baron in the Trees derives from this "legacy". In an interview, Calvino stated that "San Remo continues to pop out in my books, in the most diverse pieces of writing."[8] He and Floriano would climb the tree-rich estate and perch for hours on the branches reading their favorite adventure stories.[9] Less salubrious aspects of this "paternal legacy" are described in The Road to San Giovanni, Calvino's memoir of his father in which he exposes their inability to communicate: "Talking to each other was difficult. Both verbose by nature, possessed of an ocean of words, in each other's presence we became mute, would walk in silence side by side along the road to San Giovanni."[10] A fan of Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book as a child, Calvino felt that his early interest in stories made him the "black sheep" of a family that held literature in less esteem than the sciences. Fascinated by American movies and cartoons, he was equally attracted to drawing, poetry, and theatre. On a darker note, Calvino recalled that his earliest memory was of a Marxist professor who had been brutally assaulted by Benito Mussolini's Blackshirts: "I remember clearly that we were at dinner when the old professor came in with his face beaten up and bleeding, his bowtie all torn, asking for help."[11]

Other legacies include the parents' beliefs in Freemasonry, Republicanism with elements of Anarchism and Marxism.[12] Austere freethinkers with an intense hatred of the ruling National Fascist Party, Eva and Mario also refused to give their sons any education in the Catholic Faith or any other religion.[13] Italo attended the English nursery school St George's College, followed by a Protestant elementary private school run by Waldensians. His secondary schooling, with a classical lyceum curriculum, was completed at the state-run Liceo Gian Domenico Cassini where, at his parents' request, he was exempted from religion classes but frequently asked to justify his anti-conformism to teachers, janitors, and fellow pupils.[14] In his mature years, Calvino described the experience as having made him "tolerant of others' opinions, particularly in the field of religion, remembering how irksome it was to hear myself mocked because I did not follow the majority's beliefs".[15] In 1938, Eugenio Scalfari, who went on to found the weekly magazine L'Espresso and La Repubblica, a major Italian newspaper, came from Civitavecchia to join the same class though a year younger, and they shared the same desk.[16] The two teenagers formed a lasting friendship, Calvino attributing his political awakening to their university discussions. Seated together "on a huge flat stone in the middle of a stream near our land",[11] he and Scalfari founded the MUL (University Liberal Movement).

Eva managed to delay her son's enrolment in the Party's armed scouts, the Balilla Moschettieri, and then arranged that he be excused, as a non-Catholic, from performing devotional acts in Church.[17] But later on, as a compulsory member, he could not avoid the assemblies and parades of the Avanguardisti,[18] and was forced to participate in the Italian invasion of the French Riviera in June 1940.[19]

World War II

In 1941, Calvino enrolled at the University of Turin, choosing the Agriculture Faculty where his father had previously taught courses in agronomy. Concealing his literary ambitions to please his family, he passed four exams in his first year while reading anti-Fascist works by Elio Vittorini, Eugenio Montale, Cesare Pavese, Johan Huizinga, and Pisacane, and works by Max Planck, Werner Heisenberg, and Albert Einstein on physics.[20] Disdainful of Turin students, Calvino saw himself as enclosed in a "provincial shell"[21] that offered the illusion of immunity from the Fascist nightmare: "We were ‘hard guys’ from the provinces, hunters, snooker-players, show-offs, proud of our lack of intellectual sophistication, contemptuous of any patriotic or military rhetoric, coarse in our speech, regulars in the brothels, dismissive of any romantic sentiment and desperately devoid of women."[21]

Calvino transferred to the University of Florence in 1943 and reluctantly passed three more exams in agriculture. By the end of the year, the Germans had succeeded in occupying Liguria and setting up Benito Mussolini's puppet Republic of Salò in northern Italy. Now twenty years old, Calvino refused military service and went into hiding. Reading intensely in a wide array of subjects, he also reasoned politically that, of all the partisan groupings, the communists were the best organized with "the most convincing political line".[22]

In spring 1944, Eva encouraged her sons to enter the Italian Resistance in the name of "natural justice and family virtues".[23] Using the battlename of "Santiago", Calvino joined the Garibaldi Brigades, a clandestine Communist group and, for twenty months, endured the fighting in the Maritime Alps until 1945 and the Liberation. As a result of his refusal to be a conscript, his parents were held hostage by the Nazis for an extended period at the Villa Meridiana. Calvino wrote of his mother's ordeal that "she was an example of tenacity and courage… behaving with dignity and firmness before the SS and the Fascist militia, and in her long detention as a hostage, not least when the blackshirts three times pretended to shoot my father in front of her eyes. The historical events which mothers take part in acquire the greatness and invincibility of natural phenomena".[23]

Turin and communism

Calvino settled in Turin in 1945, after a long hesitation over living there or in Milan.[24] He often humorously belittled this choice, describing Turin as a "city that is serious but sad". Returning to university, he abandoned Agriculture for the Arts Faculty. A year later, he was initiated into the literary world by Elio Vittorini, who published his short story "Andato al comando" (1945; "Gone to Headquarters") in Il Politecnico, a Turin-based weekly magazine associated with the university.[25] The horror of the war had not only provided the raw material for his literary ambitions but deepened his commitment to the Communist cause. Viewing civilian life as a continuation of the partisan struggle, he confirmed his membership of the Italian Communist Party. On reading Vladimir Lenin's State and Revolution, he plunged into post-war political life, associating himself chiefly with the worker's movement in Turin.[26]

In 1947, he graduated with a Master's thesis on Joseph Conrad, wrote short stories in his spare time, and landed a job in the publicity department at the Einaudi publishing house run by Giulio Einaudi. Although brief, his stint put him in regular contact with Cesare Pavese, Natalia Ginzburg, Norberto Bobbio, and many other left-wing intellectuals and writers. He then left Einaudi to work as a journalist for the official Communist daily, L'Unità, and the newborn Communist political magazine, Rinascita. During this period, Pavese and poet Alfonso Gatto were Calvino's closest friends and mentors.[27]

His first novel, Il sentiero dei nidi di ragno (The Path to the Nest of Spiders) written with valuable editorial advice from Pavese, won the Premio Riccione on publication in 1947.[28] With sales topping 5000 copies, a surprise success in postwar Italy, the novel inaugurated Calvino's neorealist period. In a clairvoyant essay, Pavese praised the young writer as a "squirrel of the pen" who "climbed into the trees, more for fun than fear, to observe partisan life as a fable of the forest".[29] In 1948, he interviewed one of his literary idols, Ernest Hemingway, travelling with Natalia Ginzburg to his home in Stresa.

Ultimo viene il corvo (The Crow Comes Last), a collection of stories based on his wartime experiences, was published to acclaim in 1949. Despite the triumph, Calvino grew increasingly worried by his inability to compose a worthy second novel. He returned to Einaudi in 1950, responsible this time for the literary volumes. He eventually became a consulting editor, a position that allowed him to hone his writing talent, discover new writers, and develop into "a reader of texts".[30] In late 1951, presumably to advance in the Communist Party, he spent two months in the Soviet Union as correspondent for l'Unità. While in Moscow, he learned of his father's death on 25 October. The articles and correspondence he produced from this visit were published in 1952, winning the Saint-Vincent Prize for journalism.

Over a seven-year period, Calvino wrote three realist novels, The White Schooner (1947–1949), Youth in Turin (1950–1951), and The Queen's Necklace (1952–54), but all were deemed defective.[31] During the eighteen months it took to complete I giovani del Po (Youth in Turin), he made an important self-discovery: "I began doing what came most naturally to me – that is, following the memory of the things I had loved best since boyhood. Instead of making myself write the book I ought to write, the novel that was expected of me, I conjured up the book I myself would have liked to read, the sort by an unknown writer, from another age and another country, discovered in an attic."[32] The result was Il visconte dimezzato (1952; The Cloven Viscount) composed in 30 days between July and September 1951. The protagonist, a seventeenth century viscount sundered in two by a cannonball, incarnated Calvino's growing political doubts and the divisive turbulence of the Cold War.[33] Skillfully interweaving elements of the fable and the fantasy genres, the allegorical novel launched him as a modern "fabulist".[34] In 1954, Giulio Einaudi commissioned his Fiabe Italiane (1956; Italian Folktales) on the basis of the question, "Is there an Italian equivalent of the Brothers Grimm?"[35] For two years, Calvino collated tales found in 19th century collections across Italy then translated 200 of the finest from various dialects into Italian. Key works he read at this time were Vladimir Propp's Morphology of the Folktale and Historical Roots of Russian Fairy Tales, stimulating his own ideas on the origin, shape and function of the story.[36]

In 1952 Calvino wrote with Giorgio Bassani for Botteghe Oscure, a magazine named after the popular name of the party's head-offices in Rome. He also worked for Il Contemporaneo, a Marxist weekly.

From 1955 to 1958 Calvino had an affair with Italian actress Elsa De Giorgi, a married, older woman. Excerpts of the hundreds of love letters Calvino wrote to her were published in the Corriere della Sera in 2004, causing some controversy.[37]

After communism

In 1957, disillusioned by the 1956 Soviet invasion of Hungary, Calvino left the Italian Communist Party. In his letter of resignation published in L'Unità on 7 August, he explained the reason of his dissent (the violent suppression of the Hungarian uprising and the revelation of Joseph Stalin's crimes) while confirming his "confidence in the democratic perspectives" of world Communism.[38] He withdrew from taking an active role in politics and never joined another party.[39] Ostracized by the PCI party leader Palmiro Togliatti and his supporters on publication of Becalmed in the Antilles (La gran bonaccia delle Antille), a satirical allegory of the party's immobilism, Calvino began writing The Baron in the Trees. Completed in three months and published in 1957, the fantasy is based on the "problem of the intellectual's political commitment at a time of shattered illusions".[40] He found new outlets for his periodic writings in the journals Città aperta and Tempo presente, the magazine Passato e presente, and the weekly Italia Domani. With Vittorini in 1959, he became co-editor of Il Menabò, a cultural journal devoted to literature in the modern industrial age, a position he held until 1966.[41]

Despite severe restrictions in the US against foreigners holding communist views, Calvino was allowed to visit the United States, where he stayed six months from 1959 to 1960 (four of which he spent in New York), after an invitation by the Ford Foundation. Calvino was particularly impressed by the "New World": "Naturally I visited the South and also California, but I always felt a New Yorker. My city is New York." The letters he wrote to Einaudi describing this visit to the United States were first published as "American Diary 1959–1960" in Hermit in Paris in 2003.

In 1962 Calvino met Argentinian translator Esther Judith Singer ("Chichita") and married her in 1964 in Havana, during a trip in which he visited his birthplace and was introduced to Ernesto "Che" Guevara. On 15 October 1967, a few days after Guevara's death, Calvino wrote a tribute to him that was published in Cuba in 1968, and in Italy thirty years later.[42] He and his wife settled in Rome in the via Monte Brianzo where their daughter, Giovanna, was born in 1965. Once again working for Einaudi, Calvino began publishing some of his "Cosmicomics" in Il Caffè, a literary magazine.

Later life and work

Vittorini's death in 1966 greatly affected Calvino. He went through what he called an "intellectual depression", which the writer himself described as an important passage in his life: "...I ceased to be young. Perhaps it's a metabolic process, something that comes with age, I'd been young for a long time, perhaps too long, suddenly I felt that I had to begin my old age, yes, old age, perhaps with the hope of prolonging it by beginning it early."

In the fermenting atmosphere that evolved into 1968's cultural revolution (the French May), he moved with his family to Paris in 1967, setting up home in a villa in the Square de Châtillon. Nicknamed L'ironique amusé, he was invited by Raymond Queneau in 1968 to join the Oulipo (Ouvroir de littérature potentielle) group of experimental writers where he met Roland Barthes, Georges Perec, and Claude Lévi-Strauss, all of whom influenced his later production.[43] That same year, he turned down the Viareggio Prize for Ti con zero (Time and the Hunter) on the grounds that it was an award given by "institutions emptied of meaning".[44] He accepted, however, both the Asti Prize and the Feltrinelli Prize for his writing in 1970 and 1972, respectively. In two autobiographical essays published in 1962 and 1970, Calvino described himself as "atheist" and his outlook as "non-religious".[45]

The catalogue of forms is endless: until every shape has found its city, new cities will continue to be born. When the forms exhaust their variety and come apart, the end of cities begins.

“
”

From Invisible Cities (1974)

Calvino had more intense contacts with the academic world, with notable experiences at the Sorbonne (with Barthes) and the University of Urbino. His interests included classical studies: Honoré de Balzac, Ludovico Ariosto, Dante, Ignacio de Loyola, Cervantes, Shakespeare, Cyrano de Bergerac, and Giacomo Leopardi. Between 1972–1973 Calvino published two short stories, "The Name, the Nose" and the Oulipo-inspired "The Burning of the Abominable House" in the Italian edition of Playboy. He became a regular contributor to the important Italian newspaper Corriere della Sera, spending his summer vacations in a house constructed in Roccamare near Castiglione della Pescaia, Tuscany.

In 1975 Calvino was made Honorary Member of the American Academy. Awarded the Austrian State Prize for European Literature in 1976, he visited Mexico, Japan, and the United States where he gave a series of lectures in several American towns. After his mother died in 1978 at the age of 92, Calvino sold Villa Meridiana, the family home in San Remo. Two years later, he moved to Rome in Piazza Campo Marzio near the Pantheon and began editing the work of Tommaso Landolfi for Rizzoli. Awarded the French Légion d'honneur in 1981, he also accepted to be jury president of the 29th Venice Film Festival.

During the summer of 1985, Calvino prepared a series of texts on literature for the Charles Eliot Norton Lectures to be delivered at Harvard University in the fall. On 6 September, he was admitted to the ancient hospital of Santa Maria della Scala in Siena where he died during the night between 18 and 19 September of a cerebral hemorrhage.[46] His lecture notes were published posthumously in Italian in 1988 and in English as Six Memos for the Next Millennium in 1993.

Authors he helped publish

Selected bibliography

A selected bibliography of Calvino's writings follows, listing the works that have been translated into and published in English, along with a few major untranslated works. More exhaustive bibliographies can be found in Martin McLaughlin's Italo Calvino, and Beno Weiss's Understanding Italo Calvino.[47][48]

Fiction

Title Original
publication 		English
translation 		Translator
Il sentiero dei nidi di ragno
The Path to the Nest of Spiders
The Path to the Spiders' Nests		19471957
1998		Archibald Colquhoun
Martin McLaughlin
Il visconte dimezzato
The Cloven Viscount		19521962Archibald Colquhoun
La formica argentina
The Argentine Ant		19521957Archibald Colquhoun
Fiabe Italiane
Italian Fables
Italian Folk Tales
Italian Folktales		19561961
1975
1980		Louis Brigante
Sylvia Mulcahy
George Martin
Il barone rampante
The Baron in the Trees		19571959Archibald Colquhoun
La speculazione edilizia
A Plunge into Real Estate		19571984D. S. Carne-Ross
Il cavaliere inesistente
The Nonexistent Knight		19591962Archibald Colquhoun
La giornata d'uno scrutatore
The Watcher		19631971William Weaver
Marcovaldo ovvero le stagioni in città
Marcovaldo or the Seasons in the City		19631983William Weaver
La nuvola di smog
Smog		19651971William Weaver
Le cosmicomiche
Cosmicomics		19651968William Weaver
Ti con zero
t zero (also published as Time and the Hunter)		19671969William Weaver
Il castello dei destini incrociati
The Castle of Crossed Destinies		19691977William Weaver
Gli amori difficili
Difficult Loves (also the title of 2 different collections)		19701984William Weaver
Le città invisibili
Invisible Cities		19721974William Weaver
Se una notte d'inverno un viaggiatore
If on a winter's night a traveler		19791981William Weaver
Palomar
Mr. Palomar		19831985William Weaver

Fiction collections

Title Original
publication 		English
translation 		Translator
Ultimo viene il corvo
The Crow Comes Last		1949––
30 short stories: ? (some of these stories appear in Adam, One Afternoon, and other collections). 
–
Adam, One Afternoon and Other Stories		–1957Archibald Colquhoun, Peggy Wright
21 short stories: Adam, One Afternoon; The Enchanted Garden; Father to Son; A Goatherd at Luncheon; Leaving Again Shortly; The House of the Beehives; Fear on the Footpath; Hunger at Bévera; Going to Headquarters; The Crow Comes Last; One of the Three is Still Alive; Animal Wood; Theft in a Cake Shop; Dollars and the Demi-Mondaine; Sleeping Like Dogs; Desire in November; A Judgment; The Cat and the Policeman; Who Put the Mine in the Sea?; The Argentine Ant. 
I nostri antenati
Our Ancestors		19601962Archibald Colquhoun
3 novels: The Cloven Viscount; The Baron in the Trees; The Nonexistent Knight. 
–
The Watcher and Other Stories		–1971Archibald Colquhoun, William Weaver
1 novella, 2 short stories: The Watcher; The Argentine Ant; Smog. 
–
Difficult Loves		–1983William Weaver, D. S. Carne-Ross
3 novellas: Difficult Loves; Smog; A Plunge into Real Estate. 
–
Difficult Loves		–1984William Weaver, Archibald Colquhoun, Peggy Wright
The novella, Difficult Loves, and 20 short stories: Adam, One Afternoon; The Enchanted Garden; A Goatherd at Luncheon; The House of the Beehives; Big Fish, Little Fish; A Ship Loaded with Crabs; Man in the Wasteland; Lazy Sons; Fear on the Footpath; Hunger at Bévera; Going to Headquarters; The Crow Comes Last; One of the Three Is Still Alive; Animal Woods; Mine Field; Theft in a Pastry Shop; Dollars and the Demimondaine; Sleeping like Dogs; Desire in November; Transit Bed. 
Sotto il sole giaguaro
Under the Jaguar Sun		19861988William Weaver
3 short stories: Under the Jaguar Sun; A King Listens; The Name, The Nose. 
Prima che tu dica 'Pronto'
Numbers in the Dark and Other Stories		19931996Tim Parks
37 short stories: The Man Who Shouted Teresa; The Flash; Making Do; Dry River; Conscience; Solidarity; The Black Sheep; Good for Nothing; Like a Flight of Ducks; Love Far from Home; Wind in a City; The Lost Regiment; Enemy Eyes; A General in the Library; The Workshop Hen; Numbers in the Dark; The Queen's Necklace; Becalmed in the Antilles; The Tribe with Its Eyes on the Sky; Nocturnal Soliloquy of a Scottish Nobleman; A Beautiful March Day; World Memory; Beheading the Heads; The Burning of the Abominable House; The Petrol Pump; Neanderthal Man; Montezuma; Before You Say 'Hello'; Glaciation; The Call of the Water; The Mirror, the Target; The Other Eurydice; The Memoirs of Casanova; Henry Ford; The Last Channel; Implosion; Nothing and Not Much. 
Tutte le cosmicomiche
The Complete Cosmicomics		19972009Martin McLaughlin, Tim Parks, William Weaver
The collections Cosmicomics and t zero, 4 stories from Numbers in the Dark and Other Stories, and 7 stories newly translated by Martin McLaughlin. 

Essays and other writings

Title Original
publication 		English
translation 		Translator
Orlando Furioso di Ludovico Ariosto
–		1970––
An interpretation of the epic poem, and selections. 
Autobiografia di uno spettatore
Autobiography of a Spectator		1974––
Preface to Fellini's Quattro film. 
Introduction to Faits divers de la terre et du ciel by Silvina Ocampo
–		1974––
With a preface by Jorge Luis Borges. 
Una pietra sopra: Discorsi di letteratura e società
The Uses of Literature (also published as The Literature Machine)		19801986Patrick Creagh
Essays on literature. 
Racconti fantastici dell'ottocento
Fantastic Tales		19831997?
Anthology of classic supernatural stories. 
Science et métaphore chez Galilée
Science and Metaphor in Galileo Galilei		1983––
Lectures given at the École des hautes études in Paris. 
The Written and the Unwritten Word[49]19831983William Weaver
Lecture at the New York Institute for the Humanities on 30 March 1983 
Collezione di sabbia
Collection of Sand		1984––
Journalistic essays from 1974–1984 
Lezioni americane: Sei proposte per il prossimo millennio
Six Memos for the Next Millennium		19881993Patrick Creagh
Originally prepared for the Charles Eliot Norton Lectures. On the values of literature. 
Sulla fiaba
–		1988––
Essays on fables. 
I libri degli altri. Lettere 1947–1981
–		1991––
Letters that Calvino wrote to other authors, whilst he worked at Einaudi. 
Perché leggere i classici
Why Read the Classics?		19911993Martin McLaughlin
Essays on classic literature. 

Autobiographical works

Title Original
publication 		English
translation 		Translator
L'entrata in guerra
Into the War		19542011Martin McLaughlin
La strada di San Giovanni
The Road to San Giovanni		19901993Tim Parks
Eremita a Parigi. Pagine autobiografiche
Hermit in Paris		19942003Martin McLaughlin
Album Calvino
–		1995––

Libretti

Title Original
performance
La panchina. Opera in un atto
The Bench: One-Act Opera		1956
Libretto for the opera by Sergio Liberovici. 
La vera storia1982
Libretto for the opera by Luciano Berio. 
Un re in ascolto
A King Listens		1984
Libretto for the opera by Luciano Berio, based on Calvino's 1977 short story "A King Listens".[50] 

Translations

Original Title
Translated title 		Original Author Original
publication 		Translated
publication
Les fleurs bleues
I fiori blu		Raymond Queneau19651967
Le chant du Styrène
La canzone del polistirene		Raymond Queneau19581985

Selected filmography

Film and television adaptations

Films on Calvino

Legacy

The Scuola Italiana Italo Calvino, an Italian curriculum school in Moscow, Russia, is named after him. A crater on the planet Mercury, Calvino, and a main belt asteroid, 22370 Italocalvino, are also named after him.

Awards

References

Notes

  1. ↑ "Mi chiamo Italo Calvino" on YouTube. RAI (circa 1970), retrieved 25 October 2012.
  2. ↑ McLaughlin, Italo Calvino, xii.
  3. ↑ Calvino, 'Objective Biographical Notice', Hermit in Paris, 160.
  4. 1 2 Calvino, 'Political Autobiography of a Young Man', Hermit in Paris, 132.
  5. ↑ Paola Govoni and Z. A. Franceschi (eds.), "The Making of Italo Calvino: Women and Men in the ‘Two Cultures’ Home Laboratory" in Writing about Lives in Science: (Auto)Biography, Gender, and Genre, Goettingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht/V&R Unipress, 2014, pp. 187–221. Retrieved 4 Feb. 2015
  6. ↑ Calvino, "Political Autobiography of a Young Man", Hermit in Paris, 132.
  7. ↑ Calvino, 'Political Autobiography of a Young Man', Hermit in Paris, 135.
  8. ↑ Corti, Autografo 2 (October 1985): 51.
  9. ↑ Weiss, Understanding Italo Calvino, 2.
  10. ↑ Calvino, The Road to San Giovanni, 10.
  11. 1 2 Calvino, 'Political Autobiography of a Young Man', Hermit in Paris, 130.
  12. ↑ McLaughlin, xii. Calvino defined his family's traditions as "a humanitarian Socialism, and before that Mazzinianism". Cf. Calvino, 'Behind the Success' in Hermit in Paris, 223.
  13. ↑ Weiss, Understanding Italo Calvino, 3.
  14. ↑ Calvino, 'Political Autobiography of a Young Man', Hermit in Paris, 133.
  15. ↑ Calvino, 'Political Autobiography of a Young Man', Hermit in Paris, 134.
  16. ↑ Sabina Minardi,['Eugenio Scalfari: «Io e Calvino nel segno di Atena» ,'] L'Espresso 15 September 2015.
  17. ↑ Calvino, "Political Autobiography of a Young Man", Hermit in Paris, 134.
  18. ↑ Calvino, 'The Duce's Portraits', Hermit in Paris, 210.
  19. ↑ Weiss, Understanding Italo Calvino, 3.
  20. ↑ Calvino, 'Political Autobiography of a Young Man', Hermit in Paris, 140.
  21. 1 2 Calvino, 'Political Autobiography of a Young Man', Hermit in Paris, 138.
  22. ↑ Calvino recalled this sudden, forced transformation of a dreamy adolescent into a partisan soldier as one bounded by logic since "the logic of the Resistance was the very logic of our urge towards life". Calvino, 'Political Autobiography of a Young Man', Hermit in Paris, 146.
  23. 1 2 Calvino, 'Political Autobiography of a Young Man', Hermit in Paris, 142.
  24. ↑ The decision was influenced by the firmly anti-Fascist stance of Turin during Mussolini's years in power. Cf. Calvino, 'Behind the Success' in Hermit in Paris, 225.
  25. ↑ Il Politecnico was founded by Elio Vittorini, a novelist and the leading leftist intellectual of postwar Italy, who saw it as a means to restore Italy's diminished standing within the European cultural mainstream. Cf. Weiss, Understanding Italo Calvino, 3.
  26. ↑ Calvino, 'Political Autobiography of a Young Man', Hermit in Paris, 143.
  27. ↑ Calvino, 'Behind the Success' in Hermit in Paris, 224.
  28. ↑ Critic Martin McLaughlin points out that the novel failed to win the more prestigious Premio Mondadori. McLaughlin, xiii.
  29. ↑ Pavese's review first published in l'Unità on 26 September 1947. Quoted in Weiss, Understanding Italo Calvino, 39.
  30. ↑ Weiss, Understanding Italo Calvino, 4.
  31. ↑ Of the three manuscripts, only Youth in Turin was published in the review Officina in 1957.
  32. ↑ Calvino, 'Introduction by the author', Our Ancestors, vii.
  33. ↑ Calvino, 'Introduction by the author', Our Ancestors, x.
  34. ↑ Calvino, 'Objective Biographical Notice', Hermit in Paris, 163.
  35. ↑ Calvino, 'Objective Biographical Notice', Hermit in Paris, 164.
  36. ↑ Calvino, 'Introduction', Italian Folktales, xxvii.
  37. ↑ Italian novelist's love letters turn political, International Herald Tribune, 20 August 2004
  38. ↑ Cf. Barenghi and Bruno, "Cronologia" in Romanzi e racconti di Italo Calvino, LXXIV; and Calvino, "The Summer of '56" in Hermit in Paris, 200
  39. ↑ "For some years now I have stopped being a member of the Communist party, and I have not joined any other party." "Political Autobiography of a Young Man" in Hermit in Paris, 154
  40. ↑ Calvino, "Introduction" in Our Ancestors, x
  41. ↑ McLaughlin, Italo Calvino, 51
  42. ↑ The Words that Failed Me: Calvino on Che Guevara
  43. ↑ McLaughlin, Italo Calvino, xv.
  44. ↑ Barenghi and Falcetto, 'Cronologia' in Romanzi e racconti di Italo Calvino, LXXVII
  45. ↑ Cf. "Political Autobiography of a Young Man" and "Objective Biographical Notice" in Hermit in Paris, 133, 162
  46. 1 2 "Book Browse's Favorite Quotes". Book Browse. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
  47. ↑ McLaughlin, Italo Calvino, 174–184
  48. ↑ Weiss, Understanding Italo Calvino, 217–226
  49. ↑ The Written and the Unwritten Word by Italo Calvino, translated by William Weaver. 12 May 1983
  50. ↑ Weiss, Understanding Italo Calvino, 196
  51. ↑ http://www.awn.com/articles/article/first-look-pixars-la-luna/page/1%2C1
  52. ↑ Cited in IRS-RSI News. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
  53. ↑ (French) Dans la peau d'Italo Calvino with Neri Marcorè and Pietro Citati on ARTE France. Retrieved 12 February 2014.

Print

Primary sources
  • Calvino, Italo. Adam, One Afternoon (trans. Archibald Colquhoun, Peggy Wright). London: Minerva, 1992.
  • —. The Castle of Crossed Destinies (trans. William Weaver). London: Secker & Warburg, 1977
  • —. Cosmicomics (trans. William Weaver). London: Picador, 1993.
  • —. The Crow Comes Last (Ultimo viene il corvo). Turin: Einaudi, 1949.
  • —. Difficult Loves. Smog. A Plunge into Real Estate (trans. William Weaver, Donald Selwyn Carne-Ross). London: Picador, 1985.
  • —. Hermit in Paris (trans. Martin McLaughlin). London: Jonathan Cape, 2003.
  • —. If on a winter's night a traveller (trans. William Weaver). London: Vintage, 1998. ISBN 0-919630-23-5
  • —. Invisible Cities (trans. William Weaver). London: Secker & Warburg, 1974.
  • —. Italian Fables (trans. Louis Brigante). New York: Collier, 1961. (50 tales)
  • —. Italian Folk Tales (trans. Sylvia Mulcahy). London: J.M. Dent & Sons, 1975. (24 tales)
  • —. Italian Folktales (trans. George Martin). Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1980. (complete 200 tales)
  • —. Marcovaldo or the Seasons in the City (trans. William Weaver). London: Minerva, 1993.
  • —. Mr. Palomar (trans. William Weaver). London: Vintage, 1999.
  • —. Our Ancestors (trans. A. Colquhoun). London: Vintage, 1998.
  • —. The Path to the Nest of Spiders (trans. Archibald Colquhoun). Boston: Beacon, 1957.
  • —. The Path to the Spiders' Nests (trans. A. Colquhoun, revised by Martin McLaughlin). London: Jonathan Cape, 1993.
  • —. t zero (trans. William Weaver). New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1969.
  • —. The Road to San Giovanni (trans. Tim Parks). New York: Vintage International, 1993.
  • —. Six Memos for the Next Millennium (trans. Patrick Creagh). New York: Vintage International, 1993.
  • —. The Watcher and Other Stories (trans. William Weaver). New York: Harcourt, Brace & Company, 1971.
Secondary sources
  • Barenghi, Mario, and Bruno Falcetto. Romanzi e racconti di Italo Calvino. Milano: Mondadori, 1991.
  • Bernardini Napoletano, Francesca. I segni nuovi di Italo Calvino. Rome: Bulzoni, 1977.
  • Bonura, Giuseppe. Invito alla lettura di Calvino. Milan: U. Mursia, 1972.
  • Calvino, Italo. Uno scrittore pomeridiano: Intervista sull'arte della narrativa a cura di William Weaver e Damian Pettigrew con un ricordo di Pietro Citati. Rome: minimum fax, 2003. ISBN 978-88-87765-86-1.
  • Corti, Maria. 'Intervista: Italo Calvino' in Autografo 2 (October 1985): 47–53.
  • Di Carlo, Franco. Come leggere I nostri antenati. Milan: U. Mursia, 1958. (1998 ISBN 978-88-425-2215-7).
  • McLaughlin, Martin. Italo Calvino. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1998. ISBN 978-0-7486-0735-8 (pb. ISBN 978-0-7486-0917-8).
  • Weiss, Beno. Understanding Italo Calvino. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1993. ISBN 978-0-87249-858-7.

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