John Maurice Clark

John Maurice Clark
John Maurice Clark
Born	November 30, 1884 Northampton, Massachusetts, U.S.
Died	June 27, 1963 Westport, Connecticut, U.S.
Nationality	American
Field	Political economics
School or tradition	Institutional economics
Influences	Thorstein Veblen

not to be confused with Sir John Maurice Clark

John Maurice Clark (1884-1963) was an American economist whose work combined the rigor of traditional economic analysis with an "institutionalist" attitude. Clark was a pioneer in developing the notion of workable competition and the theoretical basis of modern Keynesian economics, including the concept of the economic multiplier.

Biography

Early career

John Maurice Clark was born November 30, 1884, in Northampton, Massachusetts. He studied at Amherst College, graduating in 1905, and received his Ph.D. from Columbia University in 1910.^[1]

J.M. Clark was the son of economist John Bates Clark (1847-1938) and shared his father's concern with ethical and policy issues, in keeping with much intellectual thought during the progressive era. Both father and son worked would work jointly on rewriting and expanding John Bates Clark's 1912 book The Control of Trusts, with the new edition seeing publication in 1914.^[2] Work upon this theme would be continued by J.M. Clark in his Social Control of Business (1926, revised in 1939).^[3]

Clark was an Instructor at Colorado College from 1908 to 1910 and at Amherst College from 1910 until 1915, when he left to join the faculty of political economy at the University of Chicago. He accepted a professorship at Columbia in 1923, assuming the post previously held there by his father.^[1] He would remain at Columbia for the remaining three decades of his academic life, finally retiring in 1957.^[4]

Contributions

Studies in the economics of overhead costs, 1923

Throughout his career Clark was concerned with the dynamics of a market economy.

In his early work Studies in the Economics of Overhead Costs (1923), Clark developed his theory of the acceleration principle, that investment demand can fluctuate widely when consumer demand fluctuates. In this he anticipated key Keynesian theories of investment and business cycles.^[5][6] Clark also examined the relationship between firm size and production cost, demonstrating the way firms with high fixed costs could dramatically reduce average cost of production by expanding output, thus explaining the price leverage wielded by giant firms in capital-intensive industries.^[1] The work illustrated the critical importance of accurate cost information for those seeking the effective regulation of monopolistic or oligopolistic firms.^[1]

Clark's next published work, in 1926 one Social Control of Business, continued the theme of national economic governance, detailing the institutional, economic, and legal factors that limited social oversight of monopolistic behavior.^[1] Clark argued that accounting provided an essential mechanism for the monitoring of the behavior of economically mighty firms to assure their operation within the limits established by regulation.^[1]

In his 1931 book The Costs of the World War to the American People, Clark first broached the concept of the economic multiplier, the idea that "all expenditures give rise to subsequent income effects and that their aggregated sum can always be expressed as a multiple of the original disbursement."^[7] In this work Clark developed the idea of multiplier effects for foreign trade and capital investment in advancing this thesis that the actual cost of World War I to the American people substantially exceeded the sum of nominal expenditures by the government upon the war.^[8]

Clark expanded upon the consideration of the multiplier effect in[public planning in his 1935 book, Economics of Planning Public Works.^[9] With America mired in the Great Depression and book sales weak, Clark was unable to find a commercial or academic publisher for this work. The National Planning Board of the U.S. Government ultimately published the title via the United States Government Printing Office.^[9] The opus has since come to be regarded as a classic in its field.^[9]

Clark is considered one of the founders of the theory of workable competition,^[10] neither pure competition nor pure monopoly, a neglected Marshallian insight.^[11]

Honors

Clark was President of the American Economic Association (AEA) in 1935 and was recognized with that organization's highest award, the Francis A. Walker Medal, in 1952.^[12]

Death

J.M. Clark died on June 27, 1963, aged 78, in Westport, Connecticut.

Footnotes

1. Paul J. Miranti, Jr., "Clark, John Maurice (1884–1963)." In Michael Chatfield and Richard Vangermeersch (eds.), History of Accounting: An International Encyclopedia. New York: Garland Publishing. pp. 125–127.
2. John Bates Clark and John Maurice Clark, The Control of Trusts. Rewritten and enlarged edition. New York: Macmillan, 1914.
3. Anne Mayhew, review of John Maurice Clark: A Social Economics for the Twenty-First Century.
4. "John Maurice Clark", Answers.com
5. Luca Fiorito "John Maurice Clark's Contribution to the Genesis of the Multiplier Analysis," University of Siena Dept. of Econ. Working Paper No. 322
6. The Aftalion-Clark Accelerator, New School
7. Joseph Dorfman, "Some Documentary Notes on the Relations Among J.M. Clark, N.A.L.J. Johannsen and J.M. Keynes," introductory essay to John Maurice Clark, The Costs of the World War to the American People. New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1970; pg. 5. The quoted words are those of Hugo Hegeland, The Multiplier Theory. (1954) New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1966; pg. 251, cited by Dorfman, pg. 5.
8. Dorfman, "Some Documentary Notes on the Relations Among J.M. Clark, N.A.L.J. Johannsen and J.M. Keynes," pp. 5-6.
9. Dorfman, "Some Documentary Notes on the Relations Among J.M. Clark, N.A.L.J. Johannsen and J.M. Keynes," pg. 6.
10. J.M. Clark (1940). Toward a Concept of Workable Competition. American Economic Review
11. Joseph A. Schumpeter, History of Economic Analysis, New York, Oxford University Press, 1976; pg. 975.
12. "In Memoriam: John Maurice Clark", Political Science Quarterly, vol. 79, no. 3 (Sept. 1964), pg. ???.

Works

• Standards of Reasonableness in Local Freight Discriminations. New York: Columbia University, 1910.
• The Control of Trusts. Rewritten and enlarged edition, with John Bates Clark. New York: Macmillan, 1914.
• Studies in the Economics of Overhead Costs. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1923.
• Social Control of Business. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1926.
• The Costs of the World War to the American People. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1931.
• Strategic Factors in Business Cycles. New York: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1934.
• The Economics of Planning Public Works. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1935.
• Preface to Social Economics. New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1936.
• An Alternative to Serfdom: Five Lectures Delivered on the William W. Cook Foundation at the University of Michigan, March 1947. Oxford, England: Basil Blackwell, 1948. American edition: 1950.
• The Ethical Basis of Economic Freedom. Westport, CT: C.K. Kazanjian Economics Foundation, 1955.
• Economic Institutions and Human Welfare. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1957.
• Competition as a Dynamic Process. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1961.

Further reading

• Laurence Shute, John Maurice Clark: A Social Economics for the Twenty-First Century. London: Macmillan, 1997.
• Charles A. Hickman, J. M. Clark. New York, Columbia University Press, 1975.
• Joseph Dorfman, The Economic Mind in American Civilization. Volume 5. New York: The Viking Press, 1959.
• T.W. Hutchison, A Review of Economic Doctrines, 1870–1929. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, 1953.