Jabberwocky

For other uses, see Jabberwocky (disambiguation).
The Jabberwock, as illustrated by John Tenniel

"Jabberwocky" is a very thought out poem written by Lewis Carroll about the killing of an animal called "the Jabberwock". It was included in his 1871 novel Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There, a sequel to Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. The book tells of Alice's adventures within the back-to-front world of a looking glass.

In an early scene in which she first encounters the chess piece characters White King and White Queen, Alice finds a book written in a seemingly unintelligible language. Realising that she is travelling through an inverted world, she recognises that the verses on the pages are written in mirror-writing. She holds a mirror to one of the poems, and reads the reflected verse of "Jabberwocky". She finds the nonsense verse as puzzling as the odd land she has passed into, later revealed as a dreamscape.[1]

"Jabberwocky" is considered one of the greatest nonsense poems written in English.[2][3] Its playful, whimsical language has given English nonsense words and neologisms such as "galumphing" and "chortle".

Origin and publication

Alice climbing into the Looking-Glass Land. Illustration by John Tenniel, 1871

A decade before the publication of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and the sequel Through the Looking-Glass, Carroll wrote the first stanza to what would become "Jabberwocky" while in Croft on Tees, close to Darlington, where he lived as a child, and printed it in 1855 in Mischmasch, a periodical he wrote and illustrated for the amusement of his family. The piece was titled "Stanza of Anglo-Saxon Poetry" and read:

Twas bryllyg, and ye slythy toves
Did gyre and gymble in ye wabe:
All mimsy were ye borogoves;
And ye mome raths outgrabe.

Carroll wrote the letter-combination ye throughout the poem instead of the word the, using the letter Y in place of the letter þ (Thorn) in combination with the superscript E, as in þe,[4] a common abbreviation for the word the in middle and early modern English, presumably to create a pseudo-archaic impression.

The rest of the poem was written during Carroll's stay with relatives at Whitburn, near Sunderland. The story may have been partly inspired by the local Sunderland area legend of the Lambton Worm.[5][6]

The concept of nonsense verse was not original to Carroll, who would have known of chapbooks such as The World Turned Upside Down[7] and stories such as "The Great Panjundrum". Nonsense existed in Shakespeare's work and was well-known in the Brothers Grimm's fairytales, some of which are called lying tales or lügenmärchen.[8] Roger Lancelyn Green suggests that "Jabberwocky" is a parody of the old German ballad "The Shepherd of the Giant Mountains" in which a shepherd kills a griffin that is attacking his sheep.[9][10][11] The ballad had been translated into English in blank verse by Carroll's cousin Menella Bute Smedley in 1846, many years before the appearance of the Alice books.[10][12] Historian Sean B. Palmer suggests that Carroll was inspired by a section from Shakespeare's Hamlet, citing the lines: "The graves stood tenantless, and the sheeted dead/Did squeak and gibber in the Roman streets" from Act I, Scene i.[13][14]

John Tenniel reluctantly agreed to illustrate the book in 1871,[15] and his illustrations are still the defining images of the poem. The illustration of the Jabberwock may reflect the contemporary Victorian obsession with natural history and the fast-evolving sciences of palaeontology and geology. Stephen Prickett notes that in the context of Darwin and Mantell's publications and vast exhibitions of dinosaurs, such as those at the Crystal Palace from 1854, it is unsurprising that Tenniel gave the Jabberwock "the leathery wings of a pterodactyl and the long scaly neck and tail of a sauropod."[15]

Lexicon


"Jabberwocky"

'Twas brillig, and the slithy toves
Did gyre and gimble in the wabe;
All mimsy were the borogoves,
And the mome raths outgrabe.

"Beware the Jabberwock, my son!
The jaws that bite, the claws that catch!
Beware the Jubjub bird, and shun
The frumious Bandersnatch!"

He took his vorpal sword in hand:
Long time the manxome foe he sought—
So rested he by the Tumtum tree,
And stood awhile in thought.

And as in uffish thought he stood,
The Jabberwock, with eyes of flame,
Came whiffling through the tulgey wood,
And burbled as it came!

One, two! One, two! and through and through
The vorpal blade went snicker-snack!
He left it dead, and with its head
He went galumphing back.

"And hast thou slain the Jabberwock?
Come to my arms, my beamish boy!
O frabjous day! Callooh! Callay!"
He chortled in his joy.

'Twas brillig, and the slithy toves
Did gyre and gimble in the wabe;
All mimsy were the borogoves,
And the mome raths outgrabe.

“
”

from Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There (1871).
"Jabberwocky" (UK English)
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Many of the words in the poem are playful nonce words of Carroll's own invention, without intended explicit meaning. When Alice has finished reading the poem she gives her impressions:

"It seems very pretty," she said when she had finished it, "but it's rather hard to understand!" (You see she didn't like to confess, even to herself, that she couldn't make it out at all.) "Somehow it seems to fill my head with ideas—only I don't exactly know what they are! However, somebody killed something: that's clear, at any rate."[1]

This may reflect Carroll's intention for his readership; the poem is, after all, part of a dream. In later writings he discussed some of his lexicon, commenting that he did not know the specific meanings or sources of some of the words; the linguistic ambiguity and uncertainty throughout both the book and the poem may largely be the point.[16] In Through the Looking-Glass, the character of Humpty Dumpty, in response to Alice's request, explains to her the non-sense words from the first stanza of the poem; however, Carroll's personal commentary on several of the words differ from Humpty's. For example, following the poem, a "rath" is described by Humpty as "a sort of green pig".[17] Carroll's notes for the original in Mischmasch suggest a "rath" is "a species of Badger" that "lived chiefly on cheese" and had smooth white hair, long hind legs, and short horns like a stag.[18] The appendices to certain Looking Glass editions, however, state that the creature is "a species of land turtle" that lived on swallows and oysters.[18] Later critics added their own interpretations of the lexicon, often without reference to Carroll's own contextual commentary. An extended analysis of the poem and Carroll's commentary is given in the book The Annotated Alice by Martin Gardner.

In 1868 Carroll asked his publishing house Macmillan, "Have you any means, or can you find any, for printing a page or two in the next volume of Alice in reverse?" It may be that Carroll was wanting to print the whole poem in mirror writing. Macmillan responded that it would cost a great deal more to do, and this may have dissuaded him.[18]

In the author's note to the Christmas 1896 edition of Through the Looking-Glass Carroll writes, "The new words, in the poem Jabberwocky, have given rise to some differences of opinion as to their pronunciation, so it may be well to give instructions on that point also. Pronounce 'slithy' as if it were the two words, 'sly, thee': make the 'g' hard in 'gyre' and 'gimble': and pronounce 'rath' to rhyme with 'bath.'"[19] In the Preface to The Hunting of the Snark, Carroll wrote, "[Let] me take this opportunity of answering a question that has often been asked me, how to pronounce "slithy toves." The "i" in "slithy" is long, as in "writhe", and "toves" is pronounced so as to rhyme with "groves." Again, the first "o" in "borogoves" is pronounced like the "o" in "borrow." I have heard people try to give it the sound of the "o" in "worry." Such is Human Perversity."[20]

Possible interpretations of words

Linguistics and poetics

Humpty Dumpty who explains to Alice the definitions of some of the words in "Jabberwocky". Illustration by John Tenniel, 1871

Though the poem contains many nonsensical words, English syntax and poetic forms are observed, such as the quatrain verses, the general ABAB rhyme scheme and the iambic meter.[28] The linguist Lucas believes the "nonsense" term is inaccurate. The poem relies on a distortion of sense rather than "non-sense", allowing the reader to infer meaning and therefore engage with narrative while lexical allusions swim under the surface of the poem.[9][29]

Parsons describes the work as a "semiotic catastrophe", arguing that the words create a discernible narrative within the structure of the poem, though the reader cannot know what they symbolise. She argues that Humpty tries, after the recitation, to "ground" the unruly multiplicities of meaning with definitions, but cannot succeed as both the book and the poem are playgrounds for the "carnivalised aspect of language". Parsons suggests that this is mirrored in the prosody of the poem: in the tussle between the tetrameter in the first three lines of each stanza and trimeter in the last lines, such that one undercuts the other and we are left off balance, like the poem's hero.[16]

Carroll wrote many poem parodies such as "Twinkle, twinkle little bat", "You Are Old, Father William" and "How Doth the Little Crocodile?" They have become generally better known than the originals on which they are based, and this is certainly the case with "Jabberwocky".[9] The poems' successes do not rely on any recognition or association of the poems that they parody. Lucas suggests that the original poems provide a strong container but Carroll's works are famous precisely because of their random, surreal quality.[9] Carroll's grave playfulness has been compared with that of the poet Edward Lear; there are also parallels with the work of Gerard Manley Hopkins in the frequent use of soundplay, alliteration, created-language and portmanteau. Both writers were Carroll's contemporaries.[16]

Translations

Twas brillig, and the slithy toves
Did gyre and gimble in the wabe;
All mimsy were the borogoves,
And the mome raths outgrabe.

"Jabberwocky" has been translated into many languages.[30] The translation might be difficult because the poem holds to English syntax and many of the principal words of the poem are invented. Translators have generally dealt with them by creating equivalent words of their own. Often these are similar in spelling or sound to Carroll's while respecting the morphology of the language they are being translated into. In Frank L. Warrin's French translation, "'Twas brillig" becomes "Il brilgue". In instances like this, both the original and the invented words echo actual words of Carroll's lexicon, but not necessarily ones with similar meanings. Translators have invented words which draw on root words with meanings similar to the English roots used by Carroll. Douglas Hofstadter noted in his essay "Translations of Jabberwocky", the word 'slithy', for example, echoes the English 'slimy', 'slither', 'slippery', 'lithe' and 'sly'. A French translation that uses 'lubricilleux' for 'slithy', evokes French words like 'lubrifier' (to lubricate) to give an impression of a meaning similar to that of Carroll's word. In his exploration of the translation challenge, Hofstadter asks "what if a word does exist, but it is very intellectual-sounding and Latinate ('lubricilleux'), rather than earthy and Anglo-Saxon ('slithy')? Perhaps 'huilasse' would be better than 'lubricilleux'? Or does the Latin origin of the word 'lubricilleux' not make itself felt to a speaker of French in the way that it would if it were an English word ('lubricilious', perhaps)? ".[31]

Hofstadter also notes that it makes a great difference whether the poem is translated in isolation or as part of a translation of the novel. In the latter case the translator must, through Humpty Dumpty, supply explanations of the invented words. But, he suggests, "even in this pathologically difficult case of translation, there seems to be some rough equivalence obtainable, a kind of rough isomorphism, partly global, partly local, between the brains of all the readers".[31]

In 1967, D.G. Orlovskaya wrote a popular Russian translation of "Jabberwocky" entitled "Barmaglot" ("Бармаглот"). She translated "Barmaglot" for "Jabberwock", "Brandashmyg" for "Bandersnatch" while "myumsiki" ("мюмзики") echoes "mimsy". Full translations of "Jabberwocky" into French and German can be found in The Annotated Alice along with a discussion of why some translation decisions were made.[32] Chao Yuen Ren, a Chinese linguist, translated the poem into Chinese[33] by inventing characters to imitate what Rob Gifford of National Public Radio refers to as the "slithy toves that gyred and gimbled in the wabe of Carroll's original".[34] Satyajit Ray, a film-maker, translated the work into Bengali[35] and concrete poet Augusto de Campos created a Brazilian Portuguese version. There is also an Arabic translation[36] by Wael Al-Mahdi, and at least two into Serbo-Croatian.[37] Multiple translations into Latin were made within the first weeks of Carroll's original publication.[38]

Some translations

Sources:[39][40][41]

Bulgarian
(Lazar Goldman & Stefan Gechev)		 Danish 1
(Mogens Jermiin Nissen)
Jabberwocky		 Danish 2
(Arne Herløv Petersen)
Kloppervok
Бе сгладне и честлинестите комбурси
търляха се и сврецваха в плите;
съвсем окласни бяха тук щурпите
и отма равапсатваха прасурси.
Et slidigt gravben vridrede
i brumringen på tidvis plent,
og lappingen var vaklig, og
det borte grøfgrin grent.
I glummert lys den slyge spæg
stod gomrende og glim.
I børkens dyb stod mamren fjæg
og bungrede i skim.
Esperanto 1
(Marjorie Boulton)
La Ĵargonbesto		 Esperanto 2
(Donalld Boadribb)
Babilfrenzo		 Finnish 1
(Kirsi Kunnas & Eeva-Liisa Manner, 1974)
Pekoraali
Brilumis, kaj la ŝlirtaj melfoj
en la iejo ĝiris, ŝraŭis;
mizaris la maldikdudelfoj,
forfuraj ratjoj vaŭis.
Rosge, dum la ŝliplaj tovoj
Tre gire en l' ongefo borlis,
Misgilis ĉiuj borogovoj,
Tenrefoj dejmaj gorlis.
On illanpaisto, ja silkavat saijat
luopoissa pirkeinä myörien ponkii:
surheisna kaikk' kirjuvat lorokaijat
ja vossut lonkaloisistansa ulos vonkii.
Finnish 2
(Matti Rosvallin, 1999)
Jabberwocky		 Finnish 3
(Alice Martin, 2010)
Monkerias		 French
(Frank L. Warrin)
Kyryissä mäiden myryt parvat
ripoen kormivat pällyissään.
Vilhujen borogrovien karvat
talsoivat — ne niin sällyissään.
Jo koitti kuumon aika, ja viukkaat puhvenet
päinillä harpitellen kieruloivat,
haipeloina seisoksivat varakuhvenet,
ja öksyt muvut kaikki hinkuroivat.
Il brilgue: les tôves lubricilleux
Se gyrent en vrillant dans le guave.
Enmîmés sont les gougebosqueux
Et le mômerade horsgrave.
Georgian
(Giorgi Gokieli)
ტარტალოკი		 German
(Robert Scott)		 Hebrew 1
(Aharon Amir)
פִּטְעוֹנִי
მიმწუხარშდა. მოქნიალა სლუკები
ზილობდნენ და ძვრიალებდნენ მარეხვში;
საბუდავად ცხოვდნენ ბარდალუკები,
ვით ფშუნები სურდაბილის გარეშე.
Es brillig war. Die schlichten Toven
Wirrten und wimmelten in Waben;
Und aller-mümsige Burggoven
Die mohmen Räth' ausgraben.
בְעֵת בָשָק וּשְלֵי פַחְזָר,
בּאַפְסֵי חָק סָבְסוּ, מָקְדוּ,
אוֹ אָז חִלְכֵן הָיָה נִמְזַר,
וּמְתֵי עָרָן כּרְדוּ.
Hebrew 2
(Rina Litvin)
גֶּבֶרִיקָא		 Icelandic
(Valdimar Briem)
Rausuvokkskviða		 Irish
(Nicholas Williams)
An Gheabairleog
הִבְרִיל כְבָר, זַחְלָצִים קְלִיחִים
חָגְווּ וְעָגוּ בַשְבִילֵל,
מַסִים הָיוּ הַסְמַרְלַחִים
וְחֶזְרוֹנִי צִרְלֵל.
Það leið að stekju, og slýgir greðlar
sig snældu og böluðu um slöffruna,
og angurvært sungu sópfiðrungar
við sífgelt týðmana svíræna.
Briollaic a bhí ann; bhí na tóibhí sleo
ag gírleáil ’s ag gimleáil ar an taof.
B’an-chuama go deo na borragóibh
is bhí na rádaí miseacha ag braíomh.
Italian
(Adriana Crespi)		 Latin
(Hassard H. Dodgson)
Gaberbocchus		 Polish
(Janusz Korwin-Mikke)
Żabrołak
Era brillosto, e gli alacridi tossi
succhiellavano scabbi nel pantúle:
Méstili eran tutti i paparossi,
e strombavan musando i tartarocchi.
Hora aderat briligi. Nunc et Slythia Tova
Plurima gyrabant gymbolitare vabo;
Et Borogovorum mimzebant undique formae,
Momiferique omnes exgrabure Rathi.
Błyszniało – szlisgich hopuch świr
Tęczując w kałdach świtrzem wre,
Mizgłupny był borolągw hyr,
Chrząszczury wlizły młe.[42]
Russian
(Samuil Marshak and Dina Orlovskaya)		 Spanish 1
(Ulalume González de León)
El Jabberwocky		 Spanish 2
(Adolfo de Alba)
El Jabberwocky
Варкалось. Хливкие шорьки
Пырялись по наве,
И хрюкотали зелюки,
Как мюмзики в мове.
Era la parrillhora y los flexiosos tovos
en el cesplejos giroscopiaban, vibrhoradaban.
Frivoserables estaban los borogovos
y los verchinos telehogariados relinchiflaban.
Era la asarvesperia y los flexilimosos toves
giroscopiaban taledrando en el vade;
debilmiseros estaban los borogoves;
bramatchisilban los verdilechos parde.
Spanish 3
(Ramón Buckley, 1984)
El Fablistanón		 Welsh
(Selyf Roberts)
Siaberwoci
Borgotaba. Los viscoleantes toves
rijando en la solea, tadralaban...
Misébiles estaban los borgoves
y algo momios los verdos bratchilbaban
Mae'n brydgell ac mae'r brochgim stwd
Yn gimblo a gyrian yn y mhello:
Pob cólomrws yn féddabwd,
A'r hoch oma'n chwibruo.

Reception
"Jabberwocky" (US English)
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According to Chesterton and Green and others, the original purpose of "Jabberwocky" was to satirise both pretentious verse and ignorant literary critics. It was designed as verse showing how not to write verse, but eventually became the subject of pedestrian translation or explanation and incorporated into classroom learning.[43] It has also been interpreted as a parody of contemporary Oxford scholarship and specifically the story of how Benjamin Jowett, the notoriously agnostic Professor of Greek at Oxford, and Master of Balliol, came to sign the Thirty-Nine Articles, as an Anglican statement of faith, to save his job.[44] The transformation of audience perception from satire to seriousness was in a large part predicted by G. K. Chesterton, who wrote in 1932, "Poor, poor, little Alice! She has not only been caught and made to do lessons; she has been forced to inflict lessons on others."[45]

It is often now cited as one of the greatest nonsense poems written in the English language,[2][3] the source for countless parodies and tributes. In most cases the writers have changed the non-sense words into words relating to the parodied subject, as in Frank Jacobs's "If Lewis Carroll Were a Hollywood Press Agent in the Thirties" in Mad for Better or Verse.[46] Other writers use the poem as a form, much like a sonnet, and create their own words for it as in "Strunklemiss" by S. K. Azoulay[47] or the poem "Oh Freddled Gruntbuggly" recited by Prostetnic Vogon Jeltz in Douglas Adams' The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, a book which contains numerous other references and homages to Carroll's work.[48]

Oh freddled gruntbuggly thy micturations are to me
As plurdled gabbleblotchits on a lurgid bee.
Groop I implore thee my foonting turlingdromes
And hooptiously drangle me with crinkly bindlewurdles,
Or I will rend thee in the gobberwarts with my
blurglecruncheon, see if I don't![1][2]

  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference Cyberspace was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ "Oh Freddled Gruntbuggly" by Prostetnic Vogon Jeltz. In Adams, Douglas (1988) Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Pocket Books p65 ISBN 0-671-74606-5

Some of the words that Carroll created such as "chortled" and "galumphing" have entered the English language and are listed in the Oxford English Dictionary. The word "jabberwocky" itself has come to refer to nonsense language.

In other media

A song called "Beware the Jabberwock" was written for Disney's Alice in Wonderland (1951), to be sung by Stan Freberg with the Rhythmaires and Daws Butler. Written by Don Raye and Gene de Paul, it was a musical rendition of the "Jabberwocky" verse. The song was not included in the final film, but a demo recording was included in the 2004 and 2010 DVD releases of the movie. In the final release, the character of the Cheshire Cat (played by Sterling Holloway) sings the first few lyrics of the Jabberwocky poem when Alice encounters him. The poem was a source of inspiration for Terry Gilliam's 1977 film, Jabberwocky.

The song "Mama Frog" by Ambrosia, from their 1975 debut album, features a middle section in which "Jabberwocky" is recited in its entirety to the accompaniment of ambient music.

The Jabberwock (misnamed "Jabberwocky") appears in Tim Burton's Alice in Wonderland, voiced by Christopher Lee. An abridged version of the poem is spoken by the Mad Hatter (played by Johnny Depp).[49][50]

The "Jabberwocky" (again misnamed) is also featured in Once Upon a Time in Wonderland played by Peta Sergeant. This version is a human-shaped monster that can see into the fears of anyone.

In Carmine Sanden's novel Wonderful, "Jabberwocky" is the nickname of a monster who feeds on the protagonist's anger, while the name of its species is "Jabberwock". It is described as a gigantic reptilian monster made of pure wrath, wrapped in a crystal armor, bearing "eyes of iced flame".

In the second season of Fargo on FX in Episode 6 the character Mike Milligan (Bokeem Woodbine) recites the "Jabberwocky" Poem in full.

The song "Vogt Dig for Kloppervok" by the American Folktronica band The Books draws heavily from the poem; the song's title itself is taken from the poem's Danish translation.[51]

The stage musical Jabberwocky by Andrew Kay, Malcolm Middleton and Peter Phillips, follows the basic plot of the poem.[52][53] In 1972, the American composer Sam Pottle penned a setting of the entire text of the poem to music. Much like the eponymous poem upon which it is based, the piece itself, as referenced at the beginning of the score, is as much a satire of the western choral tradition from which it derives much of its content as the eponymous poem is one of the western literary tradition in general. This fact is embodied in the fact that the piece calls for nonsensical noises to be made by the vocalists and the use of various objects not normally found in choral compositions, such as a baby rattle, ratchet, and others. Even more satirical is the fact that the piece is to be sung with the seriousness and vocal technique of a piece on par with any of the greatest choral works ever composed in the west. The piece is only one of two compositions by Pottle known not to have been specifically written for the small screen.[54]

The British one-hit-wonder group Boeing Duveen and The Beautiful Soup released a single called Jabberwock based on the poem in 1968.[55]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Carroll, Lewis (2010) Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass pp 64–65 Createspace ltd ISBN 1-4505-7761-X
  2. 1 2 Gardner, Martin (1999). The Annotated Alice: The Definitive Edition. New York, NY: W. W. Norton and Company. Few would dispute that Jabberwocky is the greatest of all nonsense poems in English.
  3. 1 2 Rundus, Raymond J. (October 1967). ""O Frabjous Day!": Introducing Poetry". The English Journal (National Council of Teachers of English) 56 (7): 958–963. doi:10.2307/812632. JSTOR 812632.
  4. ↑ http://www.bl.uk/collection-items/lewis-carroll-juvenilia-stanza-of-anglo-saxon-poetry
  5. ↑ A Town Like Alice's (1997) Michael Bute Heritage Publications, Sunderland
  6. ↑ Alice in Sunderland (2007) Brian Talbot Dark Horse publications.
  7. ↑ http://publicdomainreview.org/collections/the-world-turned-upside-down-18th-century/
  8. ↑ Carpenter (1985), 55–56
  9. 1 2 3 4 "Jabberwocky back to Old English: Nonsense, Anglo-Saxon and Oxford" by Lucas, Peter J. in Language History and Linguistic Modelling (1997) p503-520 ISBN 978-3-11-014504-5
  10. 1 2 Hudson, Derek (1977) Lewis Carroll: an illustrated biography. Crown Publishers, 76
  11. ↑ Ronald Reichertz (2000). The Making of the Alice Books: Lewis Carroll's Uses of Earlier Children's Literature. McGill-Queen's Press. p. 99. ISBN 0-7735-2081-3.
  12. ↑ Martin Gardner (2000) The Annotated Alice. New York: Norton p 154, n. 42.
  13. ↑ "Hamlet and Jabberwocky" Essays by Sean Palmer 21 Aug 2005
  14. ↑ Carroll makes later reference to the same lines from Hamlet Act I, Scene i in the 1869 poem "Phantasmagoria". He wrote: "Shakspeare [sic] I think it is who treats/Of Ghosts, in days of old,/Who 'gibbered in the Roman streets".
  15. 1 2 Prickett, Stephen (2005) Victorian Fantasy Baylor University Press p80 ISBN 1-932792-30-9
  16. 1 2 3 Parsons, Marnie (1994) Touch monkeys: nonsense strategies for reading twentieth-century poetry University of Toronto Press pp 67 -73 ISBN 0-8020-2983-3
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Carroll, Lewis (1998) Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass pp 198–199 Wordsworth Editions ISBN 9781853268977
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Carroll, Lewis (Author), Tenniel, John (2003) Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass Penguin Classics pp328-331 ISBN 0-14-143976-9
  19. ↑ Carroll, Lewis (2005) Through the Looking Glass. Hayes Barton Press p. 4
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Lewis Carroll (2006) [1876]. The Annotated Hunting of the Snark. edited with notes by Martin Gardner, illustrations by Henry Holiday and others, introduction by Adam Gopnik ("Definitive Edition" ed.). W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-06242-2.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 Carroll, Lewis (2009) Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass "Explanatory notes"; Editor: Hunt, Peter. OUP Oxford. p283 ISBN 0-19-955829-9 References the Oxford English Dictionary (1530).
  22. 1 2 Lewis Carroll, Letter to Maud Standen, December 1877
  23. ↑ The Merriam-Webster new book of word histories (1991) Merriam Webster p247 ISBN 0-87779-603-3
  24. ↑ Alice's Adventures in Wonderland ; And, Through the Looking-glass and what Alice Found There (1998) Lewis Carroll, Roger Lancelyn Green, John Tenniel Oxford University Press p269 ISBN 978-0-19-283374-7
  25. ↑ From the preface to Through the Looking-Glass.
  26. ↑ George, Ken. An Gerlyver Meur, Cornish-English, English-Cornish Dictionary. Cornish Language Board, 2009. Part One, Cornish-English, page 624.
  27. ↑ Gardner, Martin, ed. (1971) [1960]. The Annotated Alice. New York: The World Publishing Company. pp. 195–196.
  28. ↑ Gross and McDowell (1996) Sound and form in modern poetry By p15 The University of Michigan Press ISBN 0-472-06517-3
  29. ↑ For a full linguistic and phonetic analysis of the poem see the article "Jabberwocky back to Old English: Nonsense, Anglo-Saxon and Oxford" by Lucas, Peter J. in Language History and Linguistic Modelling (1997) p503-520 ISBN 978-3-11-014504-5
  30. ↑ Lim, Keith. "Jabberwocky Variations: Translations". 76.pair.com. Retrieved 21 October 2007.
  31. 1 2 Hofstadter, Douglas R. (1980). "Translations of Jabberwocky". Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid. New York, NY: Vintage Books. ISBN 0-394-74502-7.
  32. ↑ M. Gardner, ed., The Annotated Alice, 1960; London: Penguin 1970, p. 193f.
  33. ↑ Chao, Yuen Ren (1969). "Dimensions of Fidelity in Translation With Special Reference to Chinese". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies (Harvard-Yenching Institute) 29: 109–130. doi:10.2307/2718830. JSTOR 2718830.
  34. ↑ Gifford, Rob. "The Great Wall of the Mind." China Road. Random House. 2008. 237.
  35. ↑ Robinson, Andrew (2004) Satyajit Ray. I.B. Tauris p29
  36. ↑ Wael Al-Mahdi (2010) Jabberwocky in Arabic
  37. ↑ "Priča o Hudodraku, Karazubu i Jabberwockyju" (in Croatian). Kulturtreger / KK Booksa. 2011-09-24.
  38. ↑ Vansittart, Augustus Arthur (1872). Zaroff, Ruth Ann, ed. "Mors Iabrochii". Jabberwocky (in Latin). London.
  39. ↑ "Jabberwocky Variations". waxdog.com. Retrieved 2015.
  40. ↑ "jabberwocky/translations". 76.pair.com. Retrieved 2015.
  41. ↑ Carrol, Lewis (1984). Alice's Adventures in Wonderland & Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice found there [Las Aventuras de Alicia] (in Spanish). Translated by Buckley, Ramón. Anaya. ISBN 84-7525-171-4.
  42. ↑ "jabberwocky". home.agh.edu.pl. Retrieved 2015.
  43. ↑ Green, Roger Lancelyn (1970) The Lewis Carroll Handbook, "Jabberwocky, and other parodies" : Dawson of Pall Mall, London
  44. ↑ Prickett, Stephen (2005) Victorian Fantasy Baylor University Press p113 ISBN 1-932792-30-9
  45. ↑ Chesterton, G. K (1953) "Lewis Carroll" in A Handful of Authors, ed. Dorothy Collins, Sheed and Ward, London
  46. ↑ Jacobs, Frank (1968) Mad, for better or verse N.A.L
  47. ↑ "Strunklemiss". smylesandfish.com.
  48. ↑ "Lewis Carroll in cyberspace" Guardian 12 August 2001
  49. ↑ "Review: Tim Burton's Alice in Wonderland - Bryan Young". The Huffington Post.
  50. ↑ Alice In Wonderland, profile, Sainsbury's entertainment
  51. ↑ "Vogt Dig for Kloppervok lyrics". genius.com.
  52. ↑ National Library of Australia. "Catalogue entry". Canberra, ACT. Retrieved 5 September 2011.
  53. ↑ Music Australia. "Catalogue entry". Sydney, NSW. Retrieved 5 September 2011.
  54. ↑ "Jabberwocky Sam Pottle". sheetmusicplus.com.
  55. ↑ "Boeing Duveen And The Beautiful Soup". Discogs.

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