Jaichand

Jaichand
Raja
Successor Harish Chandra (as a subordinate of Muhammad Ghori)
Born Jayachandra
dynasty Gahadvala
Father Vijaypal
Mother Roopsundari (daughter of Anangpal Tomar)

Jaichand (ruled 1173 – 1193)[1] was a ruler of the Kannauj kingdom. At his time, the kingdom stretched from Benaras to Gaya and Patna, in the fertile area between the Yamuna and Ganges rivers. He belonged to the Gahadvala (Gaharwar) dynasty, from which descent of the Rathores of Rajasthan is sometimes traced.[2] He was the father of Sanyogita, Prithviraj Chauhan's wife. He was defeated and killed by Muhammad Ghori at the Battle of Chandawar in 1193-94.

Sources

The most popular source about Jaichand's life is Prithviraj Raso, a semi-historical legend on the life of Prithviraj Chauhan; a similar account occurs in Ain-i-Akbari (16th century). His court poet Bhatta Kedar wrote a eulogy titled Jaichand Prakash (c. 1168) on his life, but the work is now lost. Another lost eulogy on his life is the poet Madhukar's Jaya Mayank Jas Chandrika.[3] Other sources about his life include some accounts of the Battle of Tarain and his inscriptions. One of his inscription (c. 1170) was located at Bodhgaya.[4]

Legendary account in Prithviraj Raso

The most popular account of Jaichand's life occurs in Prithviraj Raso and its several recensions, but the historicity of this legend is disputed by many historians.[5] According to this legend, after becoming one of the most powerful rulers in North India, Jaichand decided to conduct a symbolic sacrifice (Ashvamedha yajna) to declare his supremacy. Prithviraj, a rival king, did not accept his suzerainty. Jaichand was a cousin of Prithviraj: their mothers were sisters belonging to the Tomar clan.[6]

Jaichand found out that his daughter Samyogita and Prithviraj were in love. So Jaichand insulted Prithviraj by erecting a statue that depicted him as a doorkeeper of his palace. Jaichand also decided to hold Swayamvara (a ritual for a woman to choose her husband) for his daughter. But during Swayamvara, his daughter placed garland on Prithviraj's statue. Subsequently, an angry Prithviraj raided Jaichand's palace, and later eloped with his daughter Samyogita against his wishes. Thus, Prithviraj and Jaichand became sworn enemies. When Muhammad Ghori (also known as Sultan Shahabuddin) invaded India, Jaichand allied with Ghori, and helped defeat Prithviraj. However, Ghori later deceived Jaichand and defeated him at the Battle of Chandawar. Another version that is accepted is that Jaichand did not aid his forces against the invader along with Prithviraj Chauhan and was confronted later by Ghori and defeated.

The famous Alha and Udal, heroes of Alha-Khand were employed by Jaichand who permitted them to return and defend the Chandela king Parmal.

Death and legacy

According to one account, Jaichand was killed in the Battle of Chandawar.[7] According to another account, he was taken as a prisoner to Ghazni, where he was killed after attempting to assassinate Muhammad Ghori with an arrow.[8] Jaichand's son Harish Chandra ruled Kannauj as a subordinate of Muhammad Ghori until 1225 CE, when Iltutmish ended his reign.[9] Another version is that Jaichand survived the battle and escaped into the Kurnaon Hills with his entourage, where his descendants established a new kingdom.

Because according to Prithviraj Raso, Jaichand helped a foreign invader defeat the Indian king Prithviraj, Jaichand became a symbol of treachery in the modern Indian folklore.[10]

Religion

Like other Gahadavala rulers, Jaichand was a Saivite, and called himself a devotee of Maheshvara (Shiva) in his inscription. He also took keen interest in worship of Krishna. His Bodhgaya inscription also shows that he had faith in Buddhism as well: in this inscription, he mentions himself as a disciple of a monk named Srimitra.[4]

References

  1. ↑ "Rickard, J (25 February 2010), Jaichand Gaharwar, r.1173-1193". History of War. Retrieved 25 January 2015.
  2. ↑ Vincent A. Smith (1 January 1999). The Early History of India. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. pp. 385–. ISBN 978-81-7156-618-1. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
  3. ↑ K. B. Jindal (1955). A history of Hindi literature. Kitab Mahal. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
  4. 1 2 The Rise And Decline Of Buddhism In India, Kanai Lal Hazra, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Limited, 1995, P. 169
  5. ↑ Rāmavallabha Somānī (1981). Prithviraj Chauhan and his times. Publication Scheme. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
  6. ↑ M. L. Bhagi (1965). Medieval India: Culture and Thought. Indian Publications. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
  7. ↑ Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. p. 32-33. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.
  8. ↑ Abū al-Faz̤l ibn Mubārak (1891). The Ain-i-Akbari. Asiatic Society of Bengal. pp. 301–302. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
  9. ↑ Radhey Shyam Chaurasia (1 January 2002). History Of Ancient IndiaEarliest Times To 1000 A.d. Atlantic Publishers. pp. 213–. ISBN 978-81-269-0027-5. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
  10. ↑ Ram Gopal (1 January 1994). Hindu Culture During and After Muslim Rule: Survival and Subsequent Challenges. M.D. Publications. p. 19. ISBN 978-81-85880-26-6. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
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